Obstructive sleep apnea in adults - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include loud snoring, gasping during sleep, apneas, unrefreshing sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness.
Obesity, retro- or micrognathia, oropharyngeal narrowing, and macroglossia are common physical features.
Diagnosis is established using clinical evaluation plus polysomnography or portable sleep tests.
Positive airway pressure or oral appliances are noninvasive treatment options.
In patients unable to adhere to medical therapy or with discrete anatomic sites of obstruction, soft tissue and/or skeletal surgery may be selected for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

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History & Exam
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Citations

Key Articles

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM International classification of sleep disorders - third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR). Jun 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Kapur VK, Auckley DH, Chowdhuri S, et al. Clinical practice guideline for diagnostic testing for adult obstructive sleep apnea: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017 Mar 15;13(3):479-504.[Abstract][Full Text]
Patil SP, Ayappa IA, Caples SM, et al. Treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. Sleep. 2019 Feb 15;15(2):335-43. [Abstract][Full Text]
Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul 20;144(3):e56-67.[Abstract][Full Text]
Ramar K, Dort LC, Katz SG, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring with oral appliance therapy: an update for 2015. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015 Jul 15;11(7):773-827. [Abstract][Full Text]

Other Online Resources

Epworth Sleepiness Scale

Referenced Articles

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