Highlights & Basics
- Leptospirosis is considered the most widespread zoonosis in the world and is "emerging" as a result of increased international travel and climate change.
- Outbreaks have been associated with flooding and hurricanes. It is underrecognized and underreported, with true incidence likely higher than reported.
- In developing countries, infections occur more commonly in rural subsistence farmers and urban slum dwellers. In developed nations, infections are associated with occupational exposures, water sports, and flooding. Higher rates have been reported in tropical areas during the rainy season and temperate regions during late summer.
- Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic to a self-limiting illness, or severe or fulminant illness. The most common presentation is a subclinical illness. Severe manifestations can include hepatic failure, renal failure, pulmonary hemorrhage, and respiratory failure (Weil syndrome), with case fatality rates ranging from 5% to >50%.
- Treatment includes antibiotics and supportive therapy.
Quick Reference
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Citations
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2026: health information for international travel. Section 4: travel-associated infections and diseases - leptospirosis. Apr 2025 [internet publication].[Full Text]
World Health Organization. Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.[Full Text]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leptospirosis: clinical overview of leptospirosis. Feb 2026 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans) 2013 case definition. Apr 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
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