Highlights & Basics
- Esophageal cancer incidence is increasing across the developed world. Men are considerably more likely than women to develop the disease.
- The two main histologic types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. In the developed world, adenocarcinomas predominate.
- Low socioeconomic status, smoking, excessive alcohol use, GERD, Barrett esophagus, and obesity are some of the main risk factors.
- Tumors are often locally advanced at the time of diagnosis. Accurate staging is important for prognosis and treatment planning.
- Superficial intramucosal well-differentiated esophageal cancer can be managed with an esophagus-sparing approach utilizing endoscopic resection and surveillance. Localized tumors that are not amenable to endoscopic resection, those with poor differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, or deeper submucosal invasion are often best treated by esophagectomy.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Images
Endoscopic view of esophageal cancer
CT scan showing T3 tumor at level of inferior pulmonary vein
PET scan showing esophageal cancer at the gastroesophageal junction. Note metastatic deposit in left femur
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of lymph node
Tracheal invasion (T4) confirmed by bronchoscopy
Moderated differentiated, keratinizing esophageal carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma (left of image) demonstrating glandular appearance with numerous mitotic cells and variable nuclear size and shape. Normal squamous epithelium is visible on the right of the image
Citations
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