Systemic lupus erythematosus - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a generalized disorder that can affect any system.
Symptoms and organ damage may accumulate over time.
SLE is diagnosed clinically.
Treatment of SLE requires multidisciplinary, individualized management including patient education as well as nonpharmacologic interventions.
Pharmacologic treatments include hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologic agents (e.g., belimumab, anifrolumab), often used in combination with each other. Specific treatment is determined by the patient's symptoms, the organs affected, and the severity of disease.

Malar rash: butterfly shape, flat, non-tender erythematosus rash over the cheek and nose

Kumar N et al. BMJ Case Reports. 2013;2013:bcr-2012-008101

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History & Exam
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Malar rash: butterfly shape, flat, non-tender erythematosus rash over the cheek and nose
a) Photograph of a face with skin rashes sparing the bridge of the nose and malar area. b) Photograph of a face showing asymmetric hyperpigmented, polycyclic, and annular scaly plaques with scaling involving pre-auricular area and cheek

Citations

Key Articles

Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Andersen J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024 Jan 2;83(1):15-29.[Abstract][Full Text]
Sammaritano LR, Askanase A, Bermas BL, et al. 2024 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guideline for the screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2025 Sep;77(9):1115-35.[Abstract][Full Text]
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Lupus Nephritis Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the management of LUPUS NEPHRITIS. Kidney Int. 2024 Jan;105(1s):S1-69.[Abstract][Full Text]
Parodis I, Girard-Guyonvarc'h C, Arnaud L, et al. EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological management of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024 May 15;83(6):720-9.[Abstract][Full Text]

Other Online Resources

Lupus Foundation of America
NIH: systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)
CDC: lupus basics
American College of Rheumatology

Referenced Articles

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