Highlights & Basics
- Tourette syndrome is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics beginning in childhood.
- It is part of a larger spectrum of tic disorders, ranging from mild transient tics to debilitating complex tics with behavioral issues and self-injurious behaviors.
- The etiology remains unclear, but the condition is familial in most cases.
- Diagnosis is based on clinical history. There is no identifiable biological marker.
- The course can vary greatly among individuals, but prognosis is often promising. The majority of patients show improvement of their tics by late adolescence or young adulthood.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
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Mink JW. Neurobiology of basal ganglia and Tourette syndrome: basal ganglia circuits and thalamocortical outputs. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:89-98.[Abstract]
Cath DC, Hedderly T, Ludolph AG, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:155-171.[Abstract][Full Text]
Whittington C, Pennant M, Kendall T, et al. Practitioner review: treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people - a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 May 2 [Epub ahead of print].[Abstract]
Verdellen C, van de Griendt J, Hartmann A, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:197-207.[Abstract][Full Text]
Dutta N, Cavanna AE. The effectiveness of habit reversal therapy in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders: a systematic review. Funct Neurol. 2013;28:7-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
Roessner V, Plessen KJ, Rothenberger A, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:173-196.[Abstract][Full Text]
Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Garcia-Ruiz PJ. Pharmacological options for the treatment of Tourette's disorder. Drugs. 2001;61:2207-2220.[Abstract]
Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Calì PV, et al. Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: current pharmacological treatment options. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2013;17:421-428.[Abstract]
Müller-Vahl KR, Cath DC, Cavanna AE, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part IV: deep brain stimulation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:209-217.[Abstract][Full Text]
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