Systemic candidiasis

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17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Candida auris (C. auris): tracking candida auris.​ Dec 2024 [internet publication].​[Full Text]

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19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ​Candida auris (C. auris): C.auris for healthcare and laboratory professionals. 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]

20. Lass-Flörl C, Kanj SS, Govender NP, et al. Invasive candidiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024 Mar 21;10(1):20.[Abstract]

21. Rammaert B, Desjardins A, Lortholary O. New insights into hepatosplenic candidosis, a manifestation of chronic disseminated candidosis. Mycoses. 2012 May;55(3):e74-84.[Abstract]

22. ​Sousa RA, Dinz LMO, Marinho FEL, et al. Risk factors for candidemia in neonates: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neonatal Nurs. 2022 Apr; 28(2):83-92.

23. Venditti M. Clinical aspects of invasive candidiasis: endocarditis and other localized infections. Drugs. 2009;69(suppl 1):39-43.[Abstract]

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28. Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, et al; Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network. Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2010 Dec 9;116(24):5111-8.[Abstract]

29. Neofytos D, Steinbach WJ, Hanson K, et al. American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Series, #6: management of invasive candidiasis in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. Transplant Cell Ther. 2023 Apr;29(4):222-7.[Abstract][Full Text]

30. Nguyen MH, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Pappas PG, et al. Real-world use of mold-active triazole prophylaxis in the prevention of invasive fungal diseases: results from a subgroup analysis of a multicenter national registry. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Sep;10(9):ofad424.[Abstract][Full Text]

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32. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15;62(4):e1-50.[Abstract][Full Text]

33. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Shoham S, Vazquez J, et al. MSG-01: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of caspofungin prophylaxis followed by preemptive therapy for invasive candidiasis in high-risk adults in the critical care setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 May;58(9):1219-26.[Abstract]

34. Li PK, Chow KM, Cho Y, et al. ISPD peritonitis guideline recommendations: 2022 update on prevention and treatment. Perit Dial Int. 2022 Mar;42(2):110-53.[Abstract][Full Text]

35. Buetti N, Marschall J, Drees M, et al. Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022 May;43(5):553-69.[Abstract][Full Text]

36. Pacilli M, Kerins JL, Clegg WJ, et al. Regional emergence of Candida auris in Chicago and lessons learned from intensive follow-up at 1 ventilator-capable skilled nursing facility. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 31;71(11):e718-25.[Abstract][Full Text]

37. ​National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Sep 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]

38. Kollef M, Micek S, Hampton N, et al. Septic shock attributed to Candida infection: importance of empiric therapy and source control. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;54(12):1739-46.[Abstract]

39. Pappas PG, Lionakis MS, Arendrup MC, et al. Invasive candidiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 May 11;4:18026.[Abstract]

40. Cornely OA, Bangard C, Jaspers NI. Hepatosplenic candidiasis. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2015 Aug;6(2):47-50.[Full Text]

41. Breazzano MP, Bond JB 3rd, Bearelly S, et al. American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations on sreening for endogenous candida endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 2022 Jan;129(1):73-6.[Abstract]

42. O'Donnell M, Eller AW, Waxman EL, et al. Screening for ocular candidiasis among patients with candidemia: is it time to change practice? Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Sep 29;75(6):1092-6.[Abstract][Full Text]

43. Phongkhun K, Pothikamjorn T, Srisurapanont K, et al. Prevalence of ocular candidiasis and candida endophthalmitis in patients with candidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 May 24;76(10):1738-49.[Abstract][Full Text]

44. Schroeder JA, Wilson CM, Pappas PG. Invasive Candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2025 Mar;39(1):93-119.[Abstract]

45. Herrera LN, Khodadadi R, Leal S, et al. Clinical utility of routine use of fungal blood cultures. Am J Med. 2023 Jun;136(6):514-7.[Full Text]

46. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA authorizes new use of test, first to identify the emerging pathogen Candida auris. April 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]

47. Simor AE, Porter V, Mubareka S, et al. Rapid identification of candida species from positive blood cultures by use of the filmarray blood culture identification panel. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Dec;56(12):e01387-18.[Abstract][Full Text]

48. Leroy-Freschini B, Treglia G, Argemi X, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT for invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. QJM. 2018 Sep 1;111(9):613-22.[Abstract]

49. Rammaert B, Maunoury C, Rabeony T, et al. Does (18)F-FDG PET/CT add value to conventional imaging in clinical assessment of chronic disseminated candidiasis? Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:1026067.[Abstract][Full Text]

50. Karageorgopoulos DE, Vouloumanou EK, Ntziora F, et al. beta-D-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 15;52(6):750-70.[Abstract]

51. Persat F, Ranque S, Derouin F, et al. Contribution of the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan assay for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Mar;46(3):1009-13.[Abstract][Full Text]

52. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1-->3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1;41(5):654-9.[Abstract]

53. Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-beta-D-glucan for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Jan;50(1):7-15.[Abstract][Full Text]

54. Mylonakis E, Clancy CJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. T2 magnetic resonance assay for the rapid diagnosis of candidemia in whole blood: a clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Mar 15;60(6):892-9.[Abstract]

55. Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. T2 magnetic resonance for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections: charting a path forward. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Mar 1;73(suppl_4):iv2-iv5.[Abstract][Full Text]

56. Barantsevich N, Barantsevich E. Diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 May 26;11(6):718.[Abstract][Full Text]

57. Nguyen MH, Wissel MC, Shields RK, et al. Performance of Candida real-time polymerase chain reaction, beta-D-glucan assay, and blood cultures in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 May;54(9):1240-8.[Abstract]

58. Kedzierska A, Kochan P, Pietrzyk A, et al. Current status of fungal cell wall components in the immunodiagnostics of invasive fungal infections in humans: galactomannan, mannan and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan antigens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Nov;26(11):755-66.[Abstract]

59. Marty FM, Lowry CM, Lempitski SJ, et al. Reactivity of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan assay with commonly used intravenous antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Oct;50(10):3450-3.[Abstract][Full Text]

60. ​Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Candida auris (C. auris): guidance for detection of C. auris colonization. Apr 2024 [internet publication].​[Full Text]

61. Donnelly JP, Chen SC, Kauffman CA, et al. Revision and update of the consensus definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 12;71(6):1367-76.[Abstract][Full Text]

62. Keighley C, Cooley L, Morris AJ, et al. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of invasive candidiasis in haematology, oncology and intensive care settings, 2021. Intern Med J. 2021 Nov;51 Suppl 7:89-117.[Abstract][Full Text]

63. Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;43(1):25-31.[Abstract]

64. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Sep;49(9):3640-5.[Abstract][Full Text]

65. Patel GP, Simon D, Scheetz M, et al. The effect of time to antifungal therapy on mortality in Candidemia associated septic shock. Am J Ther. 2009 Nov-Dec;16(6):508-11.[Abstract]

66. Denning DW. Echinocandin antifungal drugs. Lancet. 2003 Oct 4;362(9390):1142-51.[Abstract]

67. Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, et al; Caspofungin High-Dose Study Group. A Multicenter, double-blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 15;48(12):1676-84.[Abstract]

68. Gafter-Gvili A, Vidal L, Goldberg E, et al. Treatment of invasive candidal infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 Sep;83(9):1011-21.[Abstract]

69. Andes DR, Safdar N, Baddley JW, et al. Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: a patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(8):1110-22.[Abstract][Full Text]

70. Kale-Pradhan PB, Morgan G, Wilhelm SM, et al. Comparative efficacy of echinocandins and nonechinocandins for the treatment of Candida parapsilosis Infections: a meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2010 Dec;30(12):1207-13.[Abstract]

71. Cleveland AA, Farley MM, Harrison LH, et al. Changes in incidence and antifungal drug resistance in candidemia: results from population-based laboratory surveillance in Atlanta and Baltimore, 2008-2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 15;55(10):1352-61.[Abstract][Full Text]

72. Alexander BD, Johnson MD, Pfeiffer CD, et al. Increasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jun;56(12):1724-32.[Abstract][Full Text]

73. Pappas PG, Rotstein CM, Betts RF, et al. Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 1;45(7):883-93.[Abstract]

74. Rex JH, Pappas PG, Karchmer AW, et al. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 May 15;36(10):1221-8.[Abstract]

75. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 17;331(20):1325-30.[Abstract][Full Text]

76. Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Pappas PG, et al. Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jun 14;356(24):2472-82.[Abstract][Full Text]

77. Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M, et al. Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2005 Oct 22-28;366(9495):1435-42.[Abstract]

78. Tissot F, Agrawal S, Pagano L, et al. ECIL-6 guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Haematologica. 2017 Mar;102(3):433-4.[Abstract][Full Text]

79. Vergidis P, Clancy CJ, Shields RK, et al. Intra-abdominal candidiasis: the importance of early source control and antifungal treatment. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153247.[Abstract][Full Text]

80. Kullberg BJ, Arendrup MC. Invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Oct 8;373(15):1445-56.[Abstract]

81. Thompson GR 3rd, Jenks JD, Baddley JW, et al. Fungal endocarditis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2023 Sep 21;36(3):e0001923.[Abstract][Full Text]

82. Riddell J 4th, Comer GM, Kauffman CA. Treatment of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: focus on new antifungal agents. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):648-53.[Abstract]

83. Thompson GR 3rd, Soriano A, Cornely OA, et al. Rezafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis (ReSTORE): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Jan 7;401(10370):49-59.[Abstract]

84. Thompson GR 3rd, Soriano A, Honore PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of rezafungin and caspofungin in candidaemia and invasive candidiasis: pooled data from two prospective randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024 Mar;24(3):319-28.[Abstract][Full Text]

85. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: ​Candidiasis (Mucocutaneous). 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]

86. Oliveira LVN, Wang R, Specht CA, et al. Vaccines for human fungal diseases: close but still a long way to go. NPJ Vaccines. 2021 Mar 3;6(1):33.[Abstract][Full Text]

87. Falagas ME, Apostolou KE, Pappas VD. Attributable mortality of candidemia: a systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006 Jul;25(7):419-25.[Abstract]

88. Horn DL, Neofytos D, Anaissie EJ, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of candidemia in 2019 patients: data from the prospective antifungal therapy alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 15;48(12):1695-703.[Abstract]

89. Chow JK, Golan Y, Ruthazer R, et al. Risk factors for albicans and non-albicans candidemia in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul;36(7):1993-8.[Abstract]

90. Playford EG, Marriott D, Nguyen Q, et al. Candidemia in nonneutropenic critically ill patients: risk factors for non-albicans Candida spp. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul;36(7):2034-9.[Abstract]

91. Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, et al. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Sep;15(3):414-21.[Abstract]

92. Labelle AJ, Micek ST, Roubinian N, et al. Treatment-related risk factors for hospital mortality in Candida bloodstream infections. Crit Care Med. 2008 Nov;36(11):2967-72.[Abstract]

93. Hoenigl M, Salmanton-García J, Egger M, et al. Guideline adherence and survival of patients with candidaemia in Europe: results from the ECMM Candida III multinational European observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Jun;23(6):751-61.[Abstract][Full Text]

94. Khan FA, Slain D, Khakoo RA. Candida endophthalmitis: focus on current and future antifungal treatment options. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Dec;27(12):1711-21.[Abstract]

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96. ​​Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Finding the "missing 50%" of invasive candidiasis: how nonculture diagnostics will improve understanding of disease spectrum and transform patient care. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(9):1284-92.[Abstract][Full Text]

97. Trevijano-Contador N, Torres-Cano A, Carballo-González C, et al. Global emergence of resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole in Candida parapsilosis in tertiary hospitals in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Nov;9(11):ofac605.[Abstract][Full Text]

98. Wasylyshyn A, Stoneman EK. Management of candida auris. JAMA. 2024 Feb 20;331(7):611-2.

99. Wiederhold NP. Antifungal susceptibility testing: a primer for clinicians. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Nov;8(11):ofab444.[Abstract][Full Text]

100. Gautier C, Maciel EI, Ene IV. Approaches for identifying and measuring heteroresistance in azole-susceptible Candida isolates. Microbiol Spectr. 2024 Apr 2;12(4):e0404123.[Abstract][Full Text]

101. Rosenberg A, Ene IV, Bibi M, et al. Antifungal tolerance is a subpopulation effect distinct from resistance and is associated with persistent candidemia. Nat Commun. 2018 Jun 25;9(1):2470.[Abstract][Full Text]