Obesity in children - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Obesity in children has increased in recent decades. Causes are multifactorial including biologic, genetic disposition, behavioral and environmental influences.
Calculating body mass index (BMI) is the most widely accepted method of screening for obesity in children. Abnormal BMI cutoffs in children are determined by age- and sex-specific percentiles.
Impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus are prevalent in children with obesity.
Preventing excessive weight gain in children is of paramount importance in confronting the obesity epidemic, as obesity is difficult to treat at all ages, and children with obesity tend to become adults with obesity.
The cornerstone of treatment is lifestyle modification including dietary modification and physical activity. Pharmacotherapy and metabolic/bariatric surgery may be considered as an adjunct to lifestyle modification in youth with severe obesity.

3T3-L1 adipocytes stained with Oil Red O (ORO). ORO stains lipid droplets red

From the collection of Dianne Deplewski; used with permission

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

3T3-L1 adipocytes stained with Oil Red O (ORO). ORO stains lipid droplets red

Citations

Key Articles

Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023 Feb 1;151(2):e2022060640.[Abstract][Full Text]
Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, et al. Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. JCEM. 2017 Mar 1;102(3):709-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Executive summary: clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023 Feb 1;151(2):2022060641.[Abstract][Full Text]
US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020-2025. 9th ed. Dec 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

WHO: Child growth standards.
CDC: growth charts
National Institute on Aging: genetic association database
NIH: Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center: Lipedema
American Academy of Pediatrics: Institute for Healthy Childhood Weight
CDC: tips to help children maintain a healthy weight

Referenced Articles

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