Highlights & Basics
- Thromboprophylaxis is the most important patient safety strategy in patients admitted to the hospital. Pulmonary embolism remains the leading cause of preventable in-hospital death.
- The risk of venous thrombosis in patients admitted to the hospital depends on medical versus surgical admission and, among surgical patients, the type of surgery.
- Evaluating venous thromboembolic risk factors within these patient groups helps further stratify the thrombotic risk.
- Bleeding risk and possible contraindication to antithrombotic agents must be assessed before instituting thromboprophylaxis.
- Although national and international thromboprophylaxis guidelines have repeatedly recommended thromboprophylaxis of patients admitted to the hospital, only 40% to 50% of medical patients and 60% to 75% of surgical patients receive adequate thromboprophylaxis.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(suppl 2):e227S-77S.[Abstract][Full Text]
Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e278S-325.[Abstract][Full Text]
Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141 (2 Suppl):e195S-226S.[Abstract][Full Text]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolism in over 16s: reducing the risk of hospital-acquired deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Aug 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Nicolaides AN, Fareed J, Spyropoulos AC, et al. Prevention and management of venous thromboembolism. International consensus statement (guidelines according to scientific evidence). Int Angiol. 2024 Feb;43(1):1-222.[Full Text]
1. Huisman MV, Büller HR, ten Cate JW, et al. Unexpected high prevalence of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Chest. 1989 Mar;95(3):498-502.[Abstract]
2. Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, et al. Making health care safer: a critical analysis of patient safety practices. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2001;(43):i-x;1-668.[Abstract][Full Text]
3. Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(suppl 2):e227S-77S.[Abstract][Full Text]
4. Zhan C, Miller MR. Excess length of stay, charges, and mortality attributable to medical injuries during hospitalization. JAMA. 2003 Oct 8;290(14):1868-74.[Abstract][Full Text]
5. Becattini C, Agnelli G, Pesavento R, et al. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a first episode of pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2006 Jul;130(1):172-5.[Abstract]
6. Pengo V, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al; Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 27;350(22):2257-64.[Abstract][Full Text]
7. Kahn SR, Ginsberg JS. The post-thrombotic syndrome: current knowledge, controversies, and directions for future research. Blood Rev. 2002 Sep;16(3):155-65.[Abstract]
8. Cervantes J, Rojas G. Virchow's legacy: deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. World J Surg. 2005;29 Suppl 1:S30-4.[Abstract]
9. Thromboembolic Risk Factors (THRIFT) Consensus Group. Risk of and prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospital patients. BMJ. 1992 Sep 5;305(6853):567-74.[Abstract][Full Text]
10. Turpie AG, Chin BS, Lip GY. Venous thromboembolism: pathophysiology, clinical features, and prevention. BMJ. 2002 Oct 19;325(7369):887-90.[Abstract][Full Text]
11. Cogo A, Lensing AW, Prandoni P, et al. Distribution of thrombosis in patients with symptomatic deep vein thrombosis: implications for simplifying the diagnostic process with compression ultrasound. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Dec 27;153(24):2777-80.[Abstract]
12. Sevitt S. The structure and growth of valve-pocket thrombi in femoral veins. J Clin Pathol. 1974 Jul;27(7):517-28.[Abstract][Full Text]
13. McIntyre KM, Sasahara AA. The hemodynamic response to pulmonary embolism in patients without prior cardiopulmonary disease. Am J Cardiol. 1971 Sep;28(3):288-94.[Abstract]
14. Samama MM. Epidemiology of risk factors of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs in community practice: the SIRIUS study. Abstract: XIVth Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. New York, New York, USA. July 4-9, 1993. Thromb Haemost. 1993 Jun 30;69(6):763.[Abstract]
15. Bonifacj C, Quere I, Dupuy C, et al. Case control studies of the risk factors for deep-vein thrombosis in an adult population hospitalized in internal medicine [in French]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 1997 Dec;45(6):465-73.[Abstract]
16. Middeldorp S, Nieuwlaat R, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. American Society of Hematology 2023 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: thrombophilia testing. Blood Adv. 2023 Nov 28;7(22):7101-38.[Abstract][Full Text]
17. Samama MM, Dahl OE, Quinlan DJ, et al. Quantification of risk factors for venous thromboembolism: a preliminary study for the development of a risk assessment tool. Haematologica. 2003 Dec;88(12):1410-21.[Abstract][Full Text]
18. Tsai AW, Cushman M, Rosamond WD, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism incidence: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. Arch Intern Med. 2002 May 27;162(10):1182-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
19. Grady D, Wenger NK, Herrington D, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease: the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. Ann Intern Med. 2000 May 2;132(9):689-96.[Abstract]
20. Thodiyil PA, Kakkar AK. Variation in relative risk of venous thromboembolism in different cancers. Thromb Haemost. 2002 Jun;87(6):1076-7.[Abstract]
21. Wun T, White RH. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer: epidemiology and risk factors. Cancer Invest. 2009;27 Suppl 1:63-74.[Abstract]
22. Otten HM, Mathijssen J, ten Cate H, et al. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy: an underestimated phenomenon. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Jan 26;164(2):190-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
23. Haddad TC, Greeno EW. Chemotherapy-induced thrombosis. Thromb Res. 2006;118(5):555-68.[Abstract]
24. Heit JA. Venous thromboembolism epidemiology: implications for prevention and management. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2002 Jun;28 Suppl 2:3-13.[Abstract]
25. Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Prevention of thalidomide- and lenalidomide-associated thrombosis in myeloma. Leukemia. 2008 Feb;22(2):414-23.[Abstract]
26. Joynt GM, Kew J, Gomersall CD, et al. Deep venous thrombosis caused by femoral venous catheters in critically ill adult patients. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):178-83.[Abstract]
27. Wehmeier A, Daum I, Jamin H, et al. Incidence and clinical risk factors for bleeding and thrombotic complications in myeloproliferative disorders: a retrospective analysis of 260 patients. Ann Hematol. 1991 Aug;63(2):101-6.[Abstract]
28. Leone G, Sica S, Chiusolo P, et al. Blood cell diseases and thrombosis. Haematologica. 2001 Dec;86(12):1236-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
29. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27;160(6):809-15.[Abstract][Full Text]
30. Patel SV, Liberman SA, Burgess PL, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the reduction of venous thromboembolic disease in colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2023 Sep 1;66(9):1162-73.[Abstract][Full Text]
31. Papa A, Gerardi V, Marzo M, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: focus on prevention and treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Mar 28;20(12):3173-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
32. Anderson FA Jr., Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, et al. A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: the Worcester DVT Study. Arch Intern Med. 1991 May;151(5):933-8.[Abstract]
33. Goldhaber SZ, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for pulmonary embolism in women. JAMA. 1997 Feb 26;277(8):642-5.[Abstract]
34. Douketis JD, Ginsberg JS, Holbrook A, et al. A reevaluation of the risk for venous thromboembolism with the use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Jul 28;157(14):1522-30.[Abstract]
35. Suissa S, Blais L, Spitzer WO, et al. First-time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception. 1997 Sep;56(3):141-6.[Abstract]
36. Goodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women. Lancet. 1996 Oct 12;348(9033):983-7.[Abstract]
37. Rosendaal FR. Risk factors for venous thrombotic disease. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Aug;82(2):610-9.[Abstract]
38. Klil-Drori AJ, Yin H, Tagalakis V, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Eur Urol. 2016 Jul;70(1):56-61.[Abstract]
39. Oger E, Leroyer C, Le Moigne E, et al. The value of a risk factor analysis in clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis. Respiration. 1997;64(5):326-30.[Abstract]
40. Goldhaber SZ, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary embolism: the Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1983 Jun;74(6):1023-8.[Abstract]
41. Atrash HK, Koonin LM, Lawson HW, et al. Maternal morbidity in the United States 1979-1986. Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Dec;76(6):1055-60.[Abstract]
42. Kierkegaard A. Incidence and diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis associated with pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1983;62(3):239-43.[Abstract]
43. Samama MM. An epidemiologic study of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in medical outpatients: the Sirius study. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Dec 11-25;160(22):3415-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
44. Philbrick JT, Shumate R, Siadaty MS, et al. Air travel and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 Jan;22(1):107-14.[Abstract][Full Text]
45. Lapostolle FK, Surget V, Borron SW, et al. Severe pulmonary embolism associated with air travel. N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 13;345(11):779-83.[Abstract][Full Text]
46. ten Wolde M, Kraaijenhagen RA, Schiereck J, et al. Travel and the risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 2003 Mar;89(3):499-505.[Abstract]
47. Zee AA, van Lieshout K, van der Heide M, et al. Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower-limb immobilization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 6;(8):CD006681.[Abstract][Full Text]
48. van Adrichem RA, Nemeth B, Algra A, et al; POT-KAST and POT-CAST Group. Thromboprophylaxis after knee arthroscopy and lower-leg casting. N Engl J Med. 2017 Feb 9;376(6):515-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
49. Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e278S-325.[Abstract][Full Text]
50. Zöller B, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, et al. Family history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and risk of recurrent hospitalization for VTE: a nationwide family study in Sweden. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(3):306-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
51. Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141 (2 Suppl):e195S-226S.[Abstract][Full Text]
52. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolism in over 16s: reducing the risk of hospital-acquired deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Aug 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]
53. Hostler DC, Marx ES, Moores LK, et al. Validation of the International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism bleeding risk score. Chest. 2016 Feb;149(2):372-9.[Abstract]
54. Rosenberg DJ, Press A, Fishbein J, et al. External validation of the IMPROVE bleeding risk assessment model in medical patients. Thromb Haemost. 2016 Aug 30;116(3):530-6.[Abstract]
55. Horlocker TT, Vandermeuelen E, Kopp SL, et al. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine evidence-based guidelines (fourth edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018 Apr;43(3):263-309.[Abstract]
56. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Apr 26;344(17):1286-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
57. Cestac P, Bagheri H, Lapeyre-Mestre M, et al. Utilisation and safety of low molecular weight heparins: prospective observational study in medical inpatients. Drug Saf. 2003;26(3):197-207.[Abstract]
58. Lim W, Dentali F, Eikelboom JW, et al. Meta-analysis: low-molecular-weight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 2006 May 2;144(9):673-84.[Abstract]
59. Samama MM, Cohen AT, Darmon JY, et al; Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 9;341(11):793-800.[Abstract][Full Text]
60. Falanga A, Ay C, Di Nisio M, et al. Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: ESMO clinical practice guideline. Ann Oncol. 2023 Jan 10;1016.[Abstract][Full Text]
61. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease [internet publication].[Full Text]
62. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Feb 10;38(5):496-520.[Abstract][Full Text]
63. Farge D, Frere C, Connors JM, et al. 2022 international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer, including patients with COVID-19. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Jul;23(7):e334-47.[Abstract][Full Text]
64. Carrier M, Abou-Nassar K, Mallick R, et al. Apixaban to prevent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 21;380(8):711-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
65. Khorana AA, Soff GA, Kakkar AK, et al. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in high-risk ambulatory patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 21;380(8):720-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
66. Nicolaides AN, Fareed J, Spyropoulos AC, et al. Prevention and management of venous thromboembolism. International consensus statement (guidelines according to scientific evidence). Int Angiol. 2024 Feb;43(1):1-222.[Full Text]
67. Liu N, Vigod SN, Farrugia MM, et al. Venous thromboembolism after induced abortion: a population-based, propensity-score-matched cohort study in Canada. Lancet Haematol. 2018 Jul;5(7):e279-88.[Abstract]
68. Anderson DR, Morgano GP, Bennett C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients. Blood Adv. 2019 Dec 10;3(23):3898-944.[Abstract][Full Text]
69. Dahl OE, Caprini JA, Colwell CW Jr, et al. Fatal vascular outcomes following major orthopedic surgery. Thromb Haemost. 2005 May;93(5):860-6.[Abstract]
70. Cordell-Smith JA, Williams SC, Harper WM, et al. Lower limb arthroplasty complicated by deep venous thrombosis: prevalence and subjective outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004 Jan;86(1):99-101.[Abstract]
71. Sun Y, Chen D, Xu Z, et al. Deep venous thrombosis after knee arthroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthroscopy. 2014 Mar;30(3):406-12.[Abstract]
72. Perrotta C, Chahla J, Badariotti G, et al. Interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in adults undergoing knee arthroscopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Aug 22;8(8):CD005259.[Abstract][Full Text]
73. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38.[Abstract]
74. Cohen AT, Tapson VF, Bergmann JF, et al. Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting (ENDORSE study): a multinational cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2008 Feb 2;371(9610):387-94. [Erratum in: Lancet. 2008 Jun 7;371(9628):1914.][Abstract]
75. Kucher N, Spirk D, Kalka C, et al. Clinical predictors of prophylaxis use prior to the onset of acute venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients SWIss Venous ThromboEmbolism Registry (SWIVTER). J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Dec;6(12):2082-7.[Abstract]
76. Tooher R, Middleton P, Pham C, et al. A systematic review of strategies to improve prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospitals. Ann Surg. 2005 Mar;241(3):397-415.[Abstract][Full Text]
77. Mosen D, Elliott CG, Egger MJ, et al. The effect of a computerized reminder system on the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism. Chest. 2004 May;125(5):1635-41.[Abstract]
78. Abdel-Razeq H. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for hospitalized medical patients, current status and strategies to improve. Ann Thorac Med. 2010 Oct;5(4):195-200.[Abstract]
79. Canadian Patient Safety Institute. Safer healthcare now! 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
80. Mahan CE, Spyropoulos AC. Venous thromboembolism prevention: a systematic review of methods to improve prophylaxis and decrease events in the hospitalized patient. Hosp Pract (1995). 2010 Feb;38(1):97-108.[Abstract]
81. Anderson DR, Dunbar MJ, Bohm ER, et al. Aspirin versus low-molecular-weight heparin for extended venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jun 4;158(11):800-6.[Abstract]
82. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rivaroxaban for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or total knee replacement in adults. Apr 2009 [internet publication].[Full Text]
83. Schünemann HJ, Cushman M, Burnett AE, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv. 2018 Nov 27;2(22):3198-225.[Abstract][Full Text]
84. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip or knee replacement surgery in adults. Sep 2008 [internet publication].[Full Text]
85. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Apixaban for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement in adults. Jan 2012 [internet publication].[Full Text]
86. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al; the RE-ALIGN Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 26;369(13):1206-14.[Abstract]
87. Cohen AT, Spiro TE, Büller HR, et al; MAGELLAN Investigators. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 7;368(6):513-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
88. Goldhaber SZ, Leizorovicz A, Kakkar AK, et al; ADOPT Trial Investigators. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in medically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 8;365(23):2167-77.[Abstract][Full Text]
89. Spyropoulos AC, Ageno W, Albers GW, et al. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis after hospitalization for medical illness. N Engl J Med. 2018 Sep 20;379(12):1118-27.[Abstract][Full Text]
90. Sachdeva A, Dalton M, Lees T. Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 3;(11):CD001484.[Abstract][Full Text]
91. Dennis M, Sandercock PA, Reid J, et al; CLOTS Trials Collaboration. Effectiveness of thigh-length graduated compression stockings to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis after stroke (CLOTS trial 1): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 Jun 6;373(9679):1958-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
92. Pour AE, Keshavarzi NR, Purtill JJ, et al. Is venous foot pump effective in prevention of thromboembolic disease after joint arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2013 Mar;28(3):410-7.[Abstract]
93. Lim CS, Davies AH. Graduated compression stockings. CMAJ. 2014 Jul 8;186(10):E391-8.[Full Text]
94. Hardwick ME, Pulido PA, Colwell CW Jr. A mobile compression device compared with low-molecular-weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in total hip arthroplasty. Orthop Nurs. 2011 Sep-Oct;30(5):312-6.[Abstract]
95. Dennis M, Caso V, Kappelle LJ, et al. European Stroke Organization guidelines for prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in immobile patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2016 Mar;1(1):6-19.[Full Text]
96. Spyropoulos AC, Anderson FA Jr, FitzGerald G, et al. Predictive and associative models to identify hospitalized medical patients at risk for VTE. Chest. 2011 Sep;140(3):706-14.[Abstract]
97. Lederle FA, Zylla D, MacDonald R, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients and those with stroke: a background review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Nov 1;155(9):602-15.[Abstract]
98. Dentali F, Mumoli N, Prisco D, et al. Efficacy and safety of extended thromboprophylaxis for medically ill patients. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thromb Haemost. 2017 Feb 28;117(3):606-17.[Abstract]
99. Bajaj NS, Vaduganathan M, Qamar A, et al. Extended prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism after hospitalization for medical illness: A trial sequential and cumulative meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019 Apr;16(4):e1002797.[Abstract][Full Text]
100. Chi G, Sharfaei S, Jafarizade M, et al. Extended or shorter prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in acutely ill hospitalized patients: updated meta-analysis of randomized trials. Vasc Med. 2019 Apr;24(2):156-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
101. Bhalla V, Lamping OF, Abdel-Latif A, et al. Contemporary meta-analysis of extended direct-acting oral anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis to prevent venous thromboembolism. Am J Med. 2020 Sep;133(9):1074-81.[Abstract][Full Text]
102. Hull RD, Schellong SM, Tapson VF, et al; EXCLAIM (Extended Prophylaxis for Venous ThromboEmbolism in Acutely Ill Medical Patients With Prolonged Immobilization) study. Extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with recently reduced mobility: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jul 6;153(1):8-18.[Abstract]
103. Sharma A, Chatterjee S, Lichstein E, et al. Extended thromboprophylaxis for medically ill patients with decreased mobility: does it improve outcomes? J Thromb Haemost. 2012 Oct;10(10):2053-60.[Abstract]
104. Cook D, Meade M, Guyatt G, et al; PROTECT Investigators for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Dalteparin versus unfractionated heparin in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2011 Apr 7;364(14):1305-14.[Abstract][Full Text]
105. Lyman GH, Carrier M, Ay C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention and treatment in patients with cancer. Blood Adv. 2021 Feb 23;5(4):927-74.[Abstract][Full Text]
106. Rutjes AW, Porreca E, Candeloro M, et al. Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 18;(12):CD008500.[Abstract][Full Text]
107. Kahale LA, Matar CF, Tsolakian I, et al. Oral anticoagulation in people with cancer who have no therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct 8;(10):CD006466.[Abstract][Full Text]
108. Barbarawi M, Zayed Y, Kheiri B, et al. The role of anticoagulation in venous thromboembolism primary prophylaxis in patients with malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res. 2019 Sep;181:36-45.[Abstract][Full Text]
109. Chen H, Tao R, Zhao H, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer with direct oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Jan;99(5):e19000.[Abstract][Full Text]
110. Li A, Kuderer NM, Garcia DA, et al. Direct oral anticoagulant for the prevention of thrombosis in ambulatory patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2019 Dec;17(12):2141-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
111. Kahale LA, Tsolakian IG, Hakoum MB, et al. Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 1;(6):CD006468.[Abstract][Full Text]
112. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: multiple myeloma [internet publication].[Full Text]
113. Sanfilippo KM, Luo S, Wang TF, et al. Predicting venous thromboembolism in multiple myeloma: development and validation of the IMPEDE VTE score. Am J Hematol. 2019 Nov;94(11):1176-84.[Abstract][Full Text]
114. Li A, Wu Q, Luo S, et al. Derivation and validation of a risk assessment model for immunomodulatory drug-associated thrombosis among patients with multiple myeloma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2019 Jul 1;17(7):840-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
115. Al-Ani F, Bermejo JM, Mateos MV, et al. Thromboprophylaxis in multiple myeloma patients treated with lenalidomide - a systematic review. Thromb Res. 2016 May;141:84-90.[Abstract]
116. Kahale LA, Matar CF, Tsolakian I, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for ambulatory patients with multiple myeloma receiving immunomodulatory agents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep 28;9(9):CD014739.[Abstract][Full Text]
117. Shalhoub J, Lawton R, Hudson J, et al. Graduated compression stockings as adjuvant to pharmaco-thromboprophylaxis in elective surgical patients (GAPS study): randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2020 May 13;369:m1309.[Abstract][Full Text]
118. Felder S, Rasmussen MS, King R, et al. Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin for abdominal or pelvic surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Aug 26;(8):CD004318.[Abstract][Full Text]
119. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al; RE-NOVATE Study Group. Dabigatran etexilate versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2007 Sep 15;370(9591):949-56.[Abstract]
120. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al; RE-MODEL Study Group. Oral dabigatran etexilate vs. subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: the RE-MODEL randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Nov;5(11):2178-85.[Abstract][Full Text]
121. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Huo MH, et al. Oral dabigatran versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after primary total hip arthroplasty (RE-NOVATE II*): a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Thromb Haemost. 2011 Apr;105(4):721-9.[Abstract]
122. Ginsberg JS, Davidson BL, Comp PC, et al; RE-MOBILIZE Writing Committee. Oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate vs North American enoxaparin regimen for prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroplasty surgery. J Arthroplasty. 2009 Jan;24(1):1-9.[Abstract]
123. Venker BT, Ganti BR, Lin H, et al. Safety and efficacy of new anticoagulants for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip and knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2017 Feb;32(2):645-52.[Abstract][Full Text]
124. Turpie AG, Lassen MR, Davidson BL, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty (RECORD4): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009 May 16;373(9676):1673-80.[Abstract]
125. Kakkar AK, Brenner B, Dahl OE, et al; RECORD2 Investigators. Extended duration rivaroxaban versus short-term enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Jul 5;372(9632):31-9.[Abstract]
126. Eriksson BI, Borris LC, Friedman RJ, et al; RECORD1 Study Group. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 26;358(26):2765-75.[Abstract][Full Text]
127. Lassen MR, Ageno W, Borris LC, et al; RECORD3 Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 26;358(26):2776-86.[Abstract][Full Text]
128. Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, et al. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement (ADVANCE-2): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2010 Mar 6;375(9717):807-15.[Abstract]
129. Lassen MR, Gallus A, Raskob GE, et al; ADVANCE-3 Investigators. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 23;363(26):2487-98.[Abstract]
130. Anderson DR, Dunbar M, Murnaghan J, et al. Aspirin or rivaroxaban for VTE prophylaxis after hip or knee arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 22;378(8):699-707.[Abstract]
131. CRISTAL Study Group, Sidhu VS, Kelly TL, et al. Effect of Aspirin vs Enoxaparin on symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty: The CRISTAL Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2022 Aug 23;328(8):719-27.[Abstract][Full Text]
132. Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC), O'Toole RV, Stein DM, et al. Aspirin or low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis after a fracture. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 19;388(3):203-13.[Abstract]
133. Amaral FC, Baptista-Silva JC, Nakano LC, et al. Pharmacological interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in people undergoing bariatric surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Nov 22;11(11):CD013683.[Abstract][Full Text]
134. Mahé I, Aghassarian M, Drouet L, et al. Tinzaparin and enoxaparin given at prophylactic dose for eight days in medical elderly patients with impaired renal function: a comparative pharmacokinetic study. Thromb Haemost. 2007 Apr;97(4):581-6.[Abstract]
135. Douketis J, Cook D, Meade M, et al. Prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis in critically ill patients with severe renal insufficiency with the low-molecular-weight heparin dalteparin: an assessment of safety and pharmacodynamics: the DIRECT study. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Sep 8;168(16):1805-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
136. Schmid P, Brodmann D, Fischer AG, et al. Study of bioaccumulation of dalteparin at a prophylactic dose in patients with various degrees of impaired renal function. J Thromb Haemost. 2009 Apr;7(4):552-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
137. Rondina MT, Wheeler M, Rodgers GM, et al. Weight-based dosing of enoxaparin for VTE prophylaxis in morbidly obese, medically-Ill patients. Thromb Res. 2010 Mar;125(3):220-3.[Abstract][Full Text]
138. Ceccato D, Di Vincenzo A, Pagano C, et al. Weight-adjusted versus fixed dose heparin thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2021 Jun;88:73-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
139. Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e691S-e736S.[Abstract][Full Text]
140. Zareba P, Wu C, Agzarian J, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing combined compression and anticoagulation with either modality alone for prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery. Br J Surg. 2014 Aug;101(9):1053-62.[Abstract]
141. Kakkos S, Kirkilesis G, Caprini JA, et al. Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 28;(1):CD005258.[Abstract][Full Text]
142. Selby R, Geerts WH, Kreder HJ, et al; D-KAF (Dalteparin in Knee-to-Ankle Fracture) Investigators. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of the prevention of clinically important venous thromboembolism after isolated lower leg fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2015 May;29(5):224-30.[Abstract]
143. Verhamme P, Yi BA, Segers A, et al. Abelacimab for prevention of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 12;385(7):609-17.[Abstract][Full Text]
144. Weitz JI, Strony J, Ageno W, et al. Milvexian for the prevention of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2021 Dec 2;385(23):2161-72.[Abstract][Full Text]
145. Weitz JI, Bauersachs R, Becker B, et al. Effect of osocimab in preventing venous thromboembolism among patients undergoing knee arthroplasty: The FOXTROT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020 Jan 14;323(2):130-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
146. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Jun 1;41(16):3063-71.[Abstract][Full Text]
147. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: second update of the CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2021 Dec;160(6):e545-e608.[Abstract][Full Text]
148. Henke PK, Kahn SR, Pannucci CJ, et al. Call to action to prevent venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Jun 16;141(24):e914-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
149. Richardson WS, Hamad GG, Stefanidis D; SAGES Guidelines Committee. SAGES VTE prophylaxis for laparoscopic surgery guidelines: an update. Surg Endosc. 2017 Feb;31(2):501-3.[Abstract][Full Text]
150. Linkins LA, Dans AL, Moores LK, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e495S-530S.[Abstract][Full Text]
151. Neumann I, Izcovich A, Aguilar R, et al. American Society of Hematology, ABHH, ACHO, Grupo CAHT, Grupo CLAHT, SAH, SBHH, SHU, SOCHIHEM, SOMETH, Sociedad Panameña de Hematología, Sociedad Peruana de Hematología, and SVH 2022 guidelines for prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical and medical patients and long-distance travelers in Latin America. Blood Adv. 2022 Jun 28;6(12):3636-49.[Abstract][Full Text]
152. Farge D, Frere C, Connors JM, et al. 2019 international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Oct;20(10):e566-81.[Abstract]
153. Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022 Nov 1;43(41):4229-361.[Full Text]
154. Debourdeau P, Kassab Chahmi D, Le Gal G, et al. 2008 SOR guidelines for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis associated with central venous catheters in patients with cancer: report from the working group. Ann Oncol. 2009 Sep;20(9):1459-71.[Abstract][Full Text]
155. Lutsey PL, Zakai NA. Epidemiology and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023 Apr;20(4):248-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
156. Brenner B, Hull R, Arya R, et al. Evaluation of unmet clinical needs in prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in high-risk patient groups: cancer and critically ill. Thromb J. 2019 Apr 15;17:6.[Abstract][Full Text]
157. Narayan SW, Gad F, Chong J, et al. Preventability of venous thromboembolism in hospitalised patients. Intern Med J. 2023 Apr;53(4):577-83.[Abstract]
158. Bates SM, Ginsberg JS. Treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 15;351(3):268-77.[Abstract]
159. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Feb;4(2):295-306.[Abstract][Full Text]
160. Tomaselli GF, Mahaffey KW, Cuker A, et al. 2020 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on management of bleeding in patients on oral anticoagulants: A report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Aug 4;76(5):594-622.[Abstract][Full Text]
161. Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, Eikelboom J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 6;373(6):511-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
162. Khan F, Rahman A, Carrier M, et al. Long term risk of symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment for first unprovoked venous thromboembolism event: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019 Jul 24;366:l4363.[Abstract][Full Text]
163. Weitz JI, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al; EINSTEIN CHOICE Investigators. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 30;376(13):1211-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
164. Büller HR, Décousus H, Grosso MA, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct 10;369(15):1406-15.[Abstract][Full Text]
165. Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, et al; Hokusai VTE Cancer Investigators. Edoxaban for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 15;378(7):615-24.[Abstract]
166. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al; AMPLIFY-EXT Investigators. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 21;368(8):699-708.[Abstract][Full Text]
