Varicocele

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7. Green KF, Turner TT, Howards SS. Varicocele: reversal of the testicular bloodflow and temperature effects by varicocele repair. J Urol. 1984 Jun;131(6):1208-11.[Abstract]

8. World Health Organization. The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. Fertil Steril. 1992 Jun;57(6):1289-93.[Abstract]

9. Gorelick JI, Goldstein M. Loss of fertility in men with varicocele. Fertil Steril. 1993 Mar;59(3):613-6.[Abstract]

10. Vasavada S, Ross J, Nasrallah P, et al. Prepubertal varicoceles. Urology. 1997 Nov;50(5):774-7.[Abstract]

11. Prabakaran S, Kumanov P, Tomova A, et al. Adolescent varicocele: association with somatometric parameters. Urol Int. 2006;77(2):114-7.[Abstract]

12. Delaney DP, Carr MC, Kolon TF, et al. The physical characteristics of young males with varicocele. BJU Int. 2004 Sep;94(4):624-6.[Abstract]

13. May M, Taymoorian K, Beutner S, et al. Body size and weight as predisposing factors in varicocele. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006;40(1):45-8.[Abstract]

14. Xiao-Bin G, Fang-Lei W, Hui X, et al. The association between body mass index and varicocele: a meta-analysis. Int Braz J Urol. 2021 Jan-Feb;47(1):8-19.[Abstract][Full Text]

15. Raman JD, Walmsley K, Goldstein M. Inheritance of varicoceles. Urology. 2005 Jun;65(6):1186-9.[Abstract]

16. Mohammadali Beigi F, Mehrabi S, Javaherforooshzadeh A. Varicocele in brothers of patients with varicocele. Urol J. 2007 Winter;4(1):33-5.[Abstract]

17. Mokhtari G, Pourreza F, Falahatkar S, et al. Comparison of prevalence of varicocele in first-degree relatives of patients with varicocele and male kidney donors. Urology. 2008 Apr;71(4):666-8.[Abstract]

18. Sigmund G, Gall H, Bahren W. Stop-type and shunt-type varicoceles: venographic findings. Radiology. 1987 Apr;163(1):105-10.[Abstract]

19. Bong GW, Koo HP. The adolescent varicocele: to treat or not to treat. Urol Clin North Am. 2004 Aug;31(3):509-15.[Abstract]

20. Wishahi MM. Anatomy of the spermatic venous plexus (pampiniform plexus) in men with and without varicocele: intraoperative venographic study. J Urol. 1992 May;147(5):1285-9.[Abstract]

21. Cho CL, Esteves SC, Agarwal A. Novel insights into the pathophysiology of varicocele and its association with reactive oxygen species and sperm DNA fragmentation. Asian J Androl. 2016 Mar-Apr;18(2):186-93.[Abstract][Full Text]

22. Paduch DA, Niedzielski J. Semen analysis in young men with varicocele: preliminary study. J Urol. 1996 Aug;156(2 Pt 2):788-90.[Abstract]

23. Macey MR, Owen RC, Ross SS, et al. Best practice in the diagnosis and treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents. Ther Adv Urol. 2018 Jun 22;10(9):273-82.[Abstract][Full Text]

24. Chung JM, Lee SD. Current issues in adolescent varicocele: pediatric urological perspectives. World J Mens Health. 2018 May;36(2):123-31.[Abstract][Full Text]

25. Brannigan RE, Hermanson L, Kaczmarek J, et al. Updates to male infertility: AUA/ASRM guideline (2024). J Urol. 2024 Dec;212(6):789-99.[Abstract]

26. Elmer DeWitt M, Greene DJ, Gill B, et al. Isolated right varicocele and incidence of associated cancer. Urology. 2018 Jul;117:82-5.[Abstract][Full Text]

27. Walker AR, Kogan BA. Cost-benefit analysis of scrotal ultrasound in treatment of adolescents with varicocele. J Urol. 2010 May;183(5):2008-11.[Abstract]

28. Freeman S, Bertolotto M, Richenberg J, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of varicoceles: guidelines and recommendations of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (ESUR-SPIWG) for detection, classification, and grading. Eur Radiol. 2020 Jan;30(1):11-25.[Abstract][Full Text]

29. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine; Society for Male Reproduction and Urology. Report on varicocele and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2014 Dec;102(6):1556-60.[Abstract][Full Text]

30. Tanrikut C, Goldstein M, Rosoff JS, et al. Varicocele as a risk factor for androgen deficiency and effect of repair. BJU Int. 2011 Nov;108(9):1480-4.[Abstract][Full Text]

31. European Association of Urology. Sexual and reproductive health guidelines. Apr 2025 [internet publication].[Full Text]

32. Caliskan Z, Kucukgergin C, Aktan G, et al. Evaluation of sperm DNA fragmentation in male infertility. Andrologia. 2022 Dec;54(11):e14587.[Abstract]

33. Persad E, O'Loughlin CA, Kaur S, et al. Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 23;4:CD000479.[Abstract][Full Text]

34. Qiu D, Shi Q, Pan L. Efficacy of varicocelectomy for sperm DNA integrity improvement: a meta-analysis. Andrologia. 2021 Feb;53(1):e13885.[Abstract]

35. Li F, Yamaguchi K, Okada K, et al. Significant improvement of sperm DNA quality after microsurgical repair of varicocele. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2012 Oct;58(5):274-7.[Abstract][Full Text]

36. Birowo P, Tendi W, Widyahening IS, et al. The benefits of varicocele repair for achieving pregnancy in male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2020 Nov 5;6(11):e05439.[Abstract][Full Text]

37. Shah R, Agarwal A, Kavoussi P, et al. Consensus and diversity in the management of varicocele for male infertility: results of a global practice survey and comparison with guidelines and recommendations. World J Mens Health. 2023 Jan;41(1):164-97.[Abstract][Full Text]

38. Birowo P, Rahendra Wijaya J, Atmoko W, et al. The effects of varicocelectomy on the DNA fragmentation index and other sperm parameters: a meta-analysis. Basic Clin Androl. 2020 Sep 10:30:15.[Abstract][Full Text]

39. Punjani N, Wald G, Gaffney CD, et al. Predictors of varicocele-associated pain and its impact on semen parameters following microsurgical repair. Andrologia. 2021 Sep;53(8):e14121.[Abstract]

40. Diamond DA, Paltiel HJ, DiCanzio J, et al. Comparative assessment of pediatric testicular volume: orchidometer versus ultrasound. J Urol. 2000 Sep;164(3 Pt 2):1111-4.[Abstract]

41. Meacham RB, Townsend RR, Rademacher D, et al. The incidence of varicoceles in the general population when evaluated by physical examination, gray scale sonography and color Doppler sonography. J Urol. 1994 Jun;151(6):1535-8.[Abstract]

42. Kursh ED. What is the incidence of varicocele in a fertile population? Fertil Steril. 1987 Sep;48(3):510-1.[Abstract]

43. Bogaert G, Orye C, De Win G. Pubertal screening and treatment for varicocele do not improve chance of paternity as adult. J Urol. 2013 Jun;189(6):2298-303.[Abstract]

44. Bogaert GA. Adolescent varicocele: limited indications for treatment during puberty and adolescence. Transl Androl Urol. 2014 Dec;3(4):398-401.[Abstract][Full Text]

45. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on paediatric urology. Apr 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]

46. Yuan R, Zhuo H, Cao D, et al. Efficacy and safety of varicocelectomies: a meta-analysis. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2017 Apr;63(2):120-9.[Abstract][Full Text]

47. Al-Kandari AM, Shabaan H, Ibrahim HM, et al. Comparison of outcomes of different varicocelectomy techniques: open inguinal, laparoscopic, and subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Urology. 2007 Mar;69(3):417-20.[Abstract][Full Text]

48. Al-Said S, Al-Naimi A, Al-Ansari A, Y, et al. Varicocelectomy for male infertility: a comparative study of open, laparoscopic and microsurgical approaches. J Urol. 2008 Jul;180(1):266-70.[Abstract]

49. Baazeem A, Belzile E, Ciampi A, et al. Varicocele and male factor infertility treatment: a new meta-analysis and review of the role of varicocele repair. Eur Urol. 2011 Oct;60(4):796-808.[Abstract]

50. Ding H, Tian J, Du W, et al. Open non-microsurgical, laparoscopic or open microsurgical varicocelectomy for male infertility: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BJU Int. 2012 Nov;110(10):1536-42.[Abstract]

51. Cayan S, Shavakhabov S, Kadioğlu A. Treatment of palpable varicocele in infertile men: a meta-analysis to define the best technique. J Androl. 2009 Jan-Feb;30(1):33-40.[Abstract][Full Text]

52. Tandon S, Bennett D, Mark Nataraja R, et al. Outcome following the surgical management of varicocele in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Urol. 2023 Jan-Dec;15:17562872231206239.[Abstract][Full Text]

53. Diamond DA, Zurakowski D, Atala A, et al. Is adolescent varicocele a progressive disease process? J Urol. 2004 Oct;172(4 pt 2):1746-8; discussion 1748.[Abstract]

54. Thomas JC, Elder JS. Testicular growth arrest and adolescent varicocele: does varicocele size make a difference? J Urol. 2002 Oct;168(4 Pt 2):1689-91.[Abstract]

55. Li F, Chiba K, Yamaguchi K, et al. Effect of varicocelectomy on testicular volume in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Urology. 2012 Jun;79(6):1340-5.[Abstract]

56. Owen RC, McCormick BJ, Figler BD, et al. A review of varicocele repair for pain. Transl Androl Urol. 2017 May;6(suppl 1):S20-9.[Abstract][Full Text]

57. Laven JS, Haans LC, Mali WP, et al. Effects of varicocele treatment in adolescents: a randomized study. Fertil Steril. 1992 Oct;58(4):756-62.[Abstract]

58. Silay MS, Hoen L, Quadackaers J, et al. Treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol. 2019 Mar;75(3):448-61.[Abstract][Full Text]

59. Locke JA, Noparast M, Afshar K. Treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr Urol. 2017 Oct;13(5):437-45.[Abstract]

60. Esteves SC, Roque M, Agarwal A. Outcome of assisted reproductive technology in men with treated and untreated varicocele: systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl. 2016 Mar-Apr;18(2):254-8.[Abstract][Full Text]

61. Kirby EW, Wiener LE, Rajanahally S, et al. Undergoing varicocele repair before assisted reproduction improves pregnancy rate and live birth rate in azoospermic and oligospermic men with a varicocele: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2016 Nov;106(6):1338-43.[Abstract]

62. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Management of nonobstructive azoospermia: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2018 Dec;110(7):1239-45.[Abstract][Full Text]

63. Asafu-Adjei D, Judge C, Deibert CM, et al. Systematic review of the impact of varicocele grade on response to surgical management. J Urol. 2020 Jan;203(1):48-56.[Abstract][Full Text]

64. Chen X, Yang D, Lin G, et al. Efficacy of varicocelectomy in the treatment of hypogonadism in subfertile males with clinical varicocele: a meta-analysis. Andrologia. 2017 Dec;49(10).[Abstract]

65. Schauer I, Madersbacher S, Jost R, et al. The impact of varicocelectomy on sperm parameters: a meta-analysis. J Urol. 2012 May;187(5):1540-7.[Abstract]

66. Esteves SC, Miyaoka R, Roque M, et al. Outcome of varicocele repair in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl. 2016 Mar-Apr;18(2):246-53.[Abstract][Full Text]

67. Sajadi H, Hosseini J, Farrahi F, et al. Varicocelectomy may improve results for sperm retrieval and pregnancy rate in non-obstructive azoospermic men. Int J Fertil Steril. 2019 Jan;12(4):303-5.[Abstract][Full Text]

68. Fallara G, Capogrosso P, Pozzi E, et al. The effect of varicocele treatment on fertility in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published prospective trials. Eur Urol Focus. 2023 Jan;9(1):154-61.[Abstract]

69. Li F, Yue H, Yamaguchi K, et al. Effect of surgical repair on testosterone production in infertile men with varicocele: a meta-analysis. Int J Urol. 2012 Feb;19(2):149-54.[Abstract]

70. Wang YJ, Zhang RQ, Lin YJ, et al. Relationship between varicocele and sperm DNA damage and the effect of varicocele repair: a meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2012 Sep;25(3):307-14.[Abstract]

71. Jensen CFS, Østergren P, Dupree JM, et al. Varicocele and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2017 Sep;14(9):523-33.[Abstract]

72. Esposito C, Valla JS, Najmaldin A, et al. Incidence and management of hydrocele following varicocele surgery in children. J Urol. 2004 Mar;171(3):1271-3.[Abstract]

73. Misseri R, Gershbein AB, Horowitz M, et al. The adolescent varicocele. II: the incidence of hydrocele and delayed recurrent varicocele after varicocelectomy in a long-term follow-up. BJU Int. 2001 Apr;87(6):494-8.[Abstract]

74. Fast AM, Deibert CM, Van Batavia JP, et al. Adolescent varicocelectomy: does artery sparing influence recurrence rate and/or catch-up growth? Andrology. 2014 Mar;2(2):159-64.[Abstract][Full Text]

75. Kim KS, Lee C, Song SH, et al. Impact of internal spermatic artery preservation during laparoscopic varicocelectomy on recurrence and the catch-up growth rate in adolescents. J Pediatr Urol. 2014 Jun;10(3):435-40.[Abstract]