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Highlights & Basics
- Amblyopia is a visual impairment resulting from abnormal visual stimulation during early childhood.
- Can result from strabismus, refractive errors (anisometropia, isoametropia, astigmatism), and deprivation (e.g., congenital cataracts or corneal opacities).
- Management depends on the underlying cause and typically includes optical correction, patching, atropine penalization, or surgery.
- Treatment can be highly successful when instituted during infancy and preschool years, although compliance with amblyopia treatment is a major problem.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Images
Esotropia: left eye fixating (note decentered light reflection on right cornea)
Slit lamp
Author performing slit lamp exam
Portable slit lamp
Retinoscope with plus and minus spherical lenses for refraction
Indirect ophthalmoscope with 28-diopter lens for performing fundus exam
Author performing indirect ophthalmoscopy
Treatment of amblyopia with spectacles and patching
Citations
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Amblyopia PPP 2022 - updated 2024. Dec 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-70.[Abstract][Full Text]
US Preventive Services Task Force; Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al. Vision screening in children ages 6 months to 5 years: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017 Sep 5;318(9):836-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus summary benchmarks - 2024. Dec 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
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119. Manh VM, Holmes JM, Lazar EL, et al. A randomized trial of a binocular iPad game versus part-time patching in children aged 13 to 16 years with amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018 Feb;186:104-15.[Abstract]
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