Amblyopia - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Amblyopia is a visual impairment resulting from abnormal visual stimulation during early childhood, the prevalence of which ranges from 1% to 4%.
Can result from strabismus, form deprivation (e.g., due to congenital cataracts or corneal opacities), and various types of refractive errors. These errors include anisometropia (unequal refractive error between the two eyes), isoametropia (high but similar refractive error in the two eyes), and high astigmatism in one or both eyes.
Amblyopia due to strabismus with or without refractive error is commonly treated with initial optical correction, and subsequent patching or atropine penalization of the better-seeing eye. Amblyopia due to refractive error alone frequently responds to optical correction alone.
Amblyopia due to form deprivation is treated initially with early surgery, to remove the visual obstruction. In unilateral or asymmetric cases, patching of the better-seeing eye is necessary after surgery.
Treatment is highly successful when instituted during the infantile and preschool years, although some children as old as 13-17 years respond to treatment, particularly if there has been no prior therapy.

Treatment of amblyopia with spectacles and patching

From the collection of Tina Rutar, MD

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History & Exam
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Snellen letters
Allen figures on card
Esotropia: left eye fixating (note decentered light reflection on right cornea)
Slit lamp
Author performing slit lamp exam
Portable slit lamp
$Retinoscope with plus and minus spherical lenses for refraction$
Retinoscope with plus and minus spherical lenses for refraction
Indirect ophthalmoscope with 28 diopter lens for performing fundus exam
Author performing indirect ophthalmoscopy
Treatment of amblyopia with spectacles and patching

Citations

Key Articles

Cruz OA, Repka MX, Hercinovic A, et al. Amblyopia preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P136-78.[Abstract][Full Text]
Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-70.[Abstract][Full Text]
US Preventive Services Task Force; Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al. Vision screening in children ages 6 months to 5 years: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017 Sep 5;318(9):836-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus summary benchmarks - 2022. December 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Wallace DK, Lazar EL, Holmes JM, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of increasing patching for amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2013 Nov;120(11):2270-7.[Abstract][Full Text]

Referenced Articles

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