Bell's palsy

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3. Peitersen E. Bell palsy: the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002;(549):4-30.[Abstract]

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10. Zaidman M, Novak CB, Borschel GH, et al. Assessment of eye closure and blink with facial palsy: a systematic literature review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Jul;74(7):1436-45.[Abstract]

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12. May M, Hardin WB, Sullivan J, et al. Natural history of Bell palsy: the salivary flow test and other prognostic indicators. Laryngoscope. 1976 May;86(5):704-12.[Abstract]

13. Hauser WA, Karnes WE, Annis J, et al. Incidence and prognosis of Bell palsy in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 1971 Apr;46(4):258-64.[Abstract]

14. Yanagihara N. Incidence of Bell palsy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1988 Nov-Dec;137:3-4.[Abstract]

15. Evangelista V, Gooding MS, Pereira L. Bell's palsy in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2019 Nov;74(11):674-8.[Abstract]

16. Fuzi J, Spencer S, Seckold E, et al. Bell's palsy during pregnancy and the post-partum period: a contemporary management approach. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021 May-Jun;42(3):102914.[Abstract]

17. Gaudin RA, Remenschneider AK, Phillips K, et al. Facial palsy after dental procedures - Is viral reactivation responsible? J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017 Jan;45(1):71-5.[Abstract]

18. Murakami S, Mizobuchi M, Nakashiro Y, et al. Bell palsy and herpes simplex virus: identification of viral DNA in endoneurial fluid and muscle. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(Part 1):27-30.[Abstract]

19. Esaki S, Yamano K, Katsumi S, et al. Facial nerve palsy after reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in diabetic mice. Laryngoscope. 2015 Apr;125(4):E143-8.[Abstract]

20. Kisaki H, Hato N, Mizobuchi M, et al. Role of T-lymphocyte subsets in facial nerve paralysis owing to the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Otolaryngol. 2005 Mar;125(3):316-21.[Abstract]

21. Gorodezky C, Carranza JM, Bustamante A, et al. The HLA system and T-cell subsets in Bell palsy. Acta Otolaryngol. 1991;111(6):1070-4.[Abstract]

22. Tekgul H, Polat M, Serdaroglu G, et al. Lymphocyte subsets in Bell palsy: immune pathogenesis and outcome prediction. Pediatr Neurol. 2004 Oct;31(4):258-60.[Abstract]

23. Alshami S, Hodge D, Bradley E, The epidemiology and surgical outcomes of facial nerve palsy in a population-based cohort. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2017 June;58(8):3848.[Full Text]

24. Gupta S, Jawanda MK. Surge of Bell's palsy in the era of COVID-19: systematic review. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Aug;29(8):2526-43.[Abstract][Full Text]

25. Estakhr M, Tabrizi R, Ghotbi Z, et al. Is facial nerve palsy an early manifestation of COVID-19? A literature review. Am J Med Sci. 2022 Sep;364(3):264-73.[Abstract][Full Text]

26. Gupta S, Jawanda MK, Taneja N, et al. A systematic review of Bell's palsy as the only major neurological manifestation in COVID-19 patients. J Clin Neurosci. 2021 Aug;90:284-92.[Abstract]

27. Shafiq A, Salameh MA, Laswi I, et al. Neurological immune-related adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review. J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Mar;62(3):291-303.[Abstract][Full Text]

28. Garg RK, Paliwal VK. Spectrum of neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination. Neurol Sci. 2022 Jan;43(1):3-40.[Abstract][Full Text]

29. Cirillo N, Doan R. The association between COVID-19 vaccination and Bell's palsy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;22(1):5-6.[Abstract]

30. Shemer A, Pras E, Einan-Lifshitz A, et al. Association of COVID-19 Vaccination and Facial Nerve Palsy: A Case-Control Study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021 Aug 1;147(8):739-743.[Abstract][Full Text]

31. Townsend JJ, Collins PK. Peripheral nervous system demyelination with herpes simplex virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1986 Jul;45(4):419-25.[Abstract]

32. Fisch U. Surgery for Bell's palsy. Arch Otolaryngol. 1981 Jan;107(1):1-11.[Abstract]

33. Mutsch M, Zhou W, Rhodes P, et al. Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell palsy in Switzerland. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26;350(9):896-903.[Abstract]

34. Holland NJ, Weiner GM. Recent developments in Bell's palsy. BMJ. 2004 Sep 4;329(7465):553-7.[Abstract][Full Text]

35. Brandenburg NA, Annegers JF. Incidence and risk factors for Bell palsy in Laredo, Texas: 1974-1982. Neuroepidemiology. 1993;12(6):313-25.[Abstract]

36. Abraham-Inpijn L, Devriese PP, Hart AA. Predisposing factors in Bell palsy: a clinical study with reference to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, clotting mechanism and lipid disturbance. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1982 Apr;7(2):99-105.[Abstract]

37. Gilden DH. Clinical practice. Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 23;351(13):1323-31.[Abstract]

38. Gilden D, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, et al. Neurological disease produced by varicella zoster virus reactivation without rash. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2010;342:243-53.[Abstract][Full Text]

39. Chweya CM, Anzalone CL, Driscoll CLW, et al. For whom the Bell's toll: recurrent facial nerve paralysis, a retrospective study and systematic review of the literature. Otol Neurotol. 2019 Apr;40(4):517-28.[Abstract]

40. Baugh RF, Basura GJ, Ishii LE, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Bell's palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013 Nov;149(3 Suppl):S1-27.[Abstract][Full Text]

41. Pacheco A, Rutler O, Valenzuela I, et al. Positive tests for Lyme disease and emergency department visits for Bell's palsy patients. J Emerg Med. 2020 Dec;59(6):820-7.[Abstract]

42. American Academy of Pediatrics - Section on Rheumatology. Five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]

43. American College of Rheumatology - Pediatric Rheumatology. Five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]

44. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: cranial neuropathy. 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]

45. Guntinas-Lichius O, Volk GF, Olsen KD, et al. Facial nerve electrodiagnostics for patients with facial palsy: a clinical practice guideline. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020 Jul;277(7):1855-74.[Abstract][Full Text]

46. Butler DP, De la Torre A, Borschel GH, et al. An international collaborative standardizing patient-centered outcome measures in mediatric facial palsy. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2019 Sep 1;21(5):351-8.[Abstract][Full Text]

47. Fieux M, Franco-Vidal V, Devic P, et al. French society of ENT (SFORL) guidelines. Management of acute Bell's palsy. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2020 Dec;137(6):483-8.[Abstract][Full Text]

48. Gronseth GS, Paduga R; American Academy of Neurology. Evidence-based guideline update: steroids and antivirals for Bell palsy. Neurology. 2012 (reaffirmed 2023) Nov 27;79(22):2209-13.​[Abstract][Full Text]

49. Sullivan FM, Swan IR, Donnan PT, et al. A randomised controlled trial of the use of aciclovir and/or prednisolone for the early treatment of Bell's palsy: the BELLS study. Health Technol Assess. 2009 Oct;13(47):iii-iv, ix-xi 1-130.[Abstract][Full Text]

50. Hato N, Yamada H, Kohno H, et al. Valacyclovir and prednisolone treatment for Bell's palsy: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Otol Neurotol. 2007 Apr;28(3):408-13.[Abstract]

51. Engström M, Berg T, Stjernquist-Desatnik A, et al. Prednisolone and valaciclovir in Bell's palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Nov;7(11):993-1000.[Abstract]

52. Madhok VB, Gagyor I, Daly F, et al. Corticosteroids for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(7):CD001942.[Abstract][Full Text]

53. Gagyor I, Madhok VB, Daly F, et al. Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 5;9:CD001869.[Abstract][Full Text]

54. Sullivan FM, Swan IR, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 18;357(16):1598-607.[Abstract]

55. Axelsson S, Berg T, Jonsson L, et al. Prednisolone in Bell's palsy related to treatment start and age. Otol Neurotol. 2011 Jan;32(1):141-6.[Abstract]

56. Axelsson S, Berg T, Jonsson L, et al. Bell's palsy - the effect of prednisolone and/or valaciclovir versus placebo in relation to baseline severity in a randomised controlled trial. Clin Otolaryngol. 2012 Aug;37(4):283-90.[Abstract]

57. Berg T, Bylund N, Marsk E, et al. The effect of prednisolone on sequelae in Bell's palsy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012 May;138(5):445-9.[Abstract][Full Text]

58. Fujiwara T, Namekawa M, Kuriyama A, et al. High-dose corticosteroids for adult Bell's palsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Otol Neurotol. 2019 Sep;40(8):1101-8.[Abstract]

59. Jowett N, Gaudin RA, Banks CA, et al. Steroid use in Lyme disease-associated facial palsy is associated with worse long-term outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017 Jun;127(6):1451-8.[Abstract]

60. Jalali MM, Soleimani R, Soltanipour S, et al. Pharmacological treatments of Bell's palsy in adults: a systematic review and network meta-Analysis. Laryngoscope. 2021 Jul;131(7):1615-25.[Abstract]

61. de Almeida JR, Al Khabori M, Guyatt GH, et al. Combined corticosteroid and antiviral treatment for Bell palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009 Sep 2;302(9):985-93.[Abstract][Full Text]

62. Goudakos JK, Markou KD. Corticosteroids vs corticosteroids plus antiviral agents in the treatment of Bell palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009 Jun;135(6):558-64.[Abstract][Full Text]

63. Quant EC, Jeste SS, Muni RH, et al. The benefits of steroids versus steroids plus antivirals for treatment of Bell's palsy: a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009 Sep 7;339:b3354.[Abstract][Full Text]

64. de Ru JA, van Benthem PP. Combination therapy is preferable for patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2011 Jul;32(5):852-5.[Abstract]

65. Monsanto RD, Bittencourt AG, Bobato Neto NJ, et al. Treatment and prognosis of facial palsy on Ramsay Hunt syndrome: results based on a review of the literature. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 Oct;20(4):394-400.[Abstract][Full Text]

66. Gantz BJ, Rubinstein JT, Gidley P, et al. Surgical management of Bell palsy. Laryngoscope. 1999 Aug;109(8):1177-88.[Abstract]

67. Menchetti I, McAllister K, Walker D, et al. Surgical interventions for the early management of Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 26;1:CD007468.[Abstract][Full Text]

68. May M, Klein SR, Taylor FH. Idiopathic (Bell's) facial palsy: natural history defies steroid or surgical treatment. Laryngoscope. 1985 Apr;95(4):406-9.[Abstract]

69. Lee SY, Seong J, Kim YH. Clinical implication of facial nerve decompression in complete Bell's palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Nov;12(4):348-59.[Abstract][Full Text]

70. Casazza GC, Schwartz SR, Gurgel RK. Systematic review of facial nerve outcomes after middle fossa decompression and transmastoid decompression for Bell's palsy with complete facial paralysis. Otol Neurotol. 2018 Dec;39(10):1311-8.[Abstract]

71. Sohrab M, Abugo U, Grant M, et al. Management of the eye in facial paralysis. Facial Plast Surg. 2015 Apr;31(2):140-4.[Abstract][Full Text]

72. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Management of exposure keratopathy.​ Apr 2014 [internet publication].[Full Text]

73. Beutner KR, Friedman DJ, Forszpaniak C, et al. Valaciclovir compared with acyclovir for improved therapy for herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jul;39(7):1546-53.[Abstract][Full Text]

74. Borodic G, Bartley M, Slattery W, et al. Botulinum toxin for aberrant facial nerve regeneration: double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using subjective endpoints. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005 Jul;116(1):36-43.[Abstract]

75. Fuzi J, Taylor A, Sideris A, et al. Does botulinum toxin therapy improve quality of life in patients with facial palsy? Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2020 Oct;44(5):1811-9.[Abstract]

76. de Sanctis Pecora C, Shitara D. Botulinum toxin type A to improve facial symmetry in facial palsy: a practical guideline and clinical experience. Toxins (Basel). 2021 Feb 18;13(2).[Abstract][Full Text]

77. Teixeira LJ, Valbuza JS, Prado GF, et al. Physical therapy for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):CD006283.[Abstract][Full Text]

78. Khan AJ, Szczepura A, Palmer S, et al. Physical therapy for facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy): an updated and extended systematic review of the evidence for facial exercise therapy. Clin Rehabil. 2022 Nov;36(11):1424-49.[Abstract][Full Text]

79. Beurskens CH, Heymans PG, Oostendorp RA. Stability of benefits of mime therapy in sequelae of facial nerve paresis during a 1-year period. Otol Neurotol. 2006 Oct;27(7):1037-42.[Abstract]

80. Pourmomeny AA, Zadmehre H, Mirshamsi M, et al. Prevention of synkinesis by biofeedback therapy: a randomized clinical trial. Otol Neurotol. 2014 Apr;35(4):739-42.[Abstract]

81. Nicastri M, Mancini P, De Seta D, et al. Efficacy of early physical therapy in severe Bell's palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013 Jul-Aug;27(6):542-51.[Abstract]

82. Chen N, Zhou M, He L, et al. Acupuncture for Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(8):CD002914.[Abstract]

83. Yu Z, Shen M, Shang W, et al. Timing of acupuncture treatment in peripheral facial paralysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021;2021:4221955.[Abstract][Full Text]

84. Wen J, Chen X, Yang Y, et al. Acupuncture medical therapy and its underlying mechanisms: a systematic review. Am J Chin Med. 2021;49(1):1-23.[Abstract]

85. Zou Z. Comparison of efficacy and safety of acupuncture and moxibustion in acute phase and non-acute phase of Bell's palsy: a meta-analysis. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2021 Nov 30;42(7):438-45.[Abstract]

86. Yang LS, Zhou DF, Zheng SZ, et al. Early intervention with acupuncture improves the outcome of patients with Bell's palsy: a propensity score-matching analysis. Front Neurol. 2022;13:943453.[Abstract][Full Text]

87. Holland NJ, Bernstein JM, Hamilton JW, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD007288.[Abstract][Full Text]

88. Racic G, Denoble PJ, Sprem N, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen as a therapy of Bell's palsy. Undersea Hyperb Med. 1997;24(1):35-8.[Abstract]

89. Gillman GS, Schaitkin BM, May M, et al. Bell palsy in pregnancy: a study of recovery outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002 Jan;126(1):26-30.[Abstract]

90. Shmorgun D, Chan WS, Ray JG. Association between Bell's palsy in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. QJM. 2002 Jun;95(6):359-62.[Abstract][Full Text]

91. Cuenca-Martínez F, Zapardiel-Sánchez E, Carrasco-González E, et al. Assessing anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients with peripheral facial palsy: a systematic review. PeerJ. 2020;8:e10449.[Abstract][Full Text]

92. Hotton M, Huggons E, Hamlet C, et al. The psychosocial impact of facial palsy: A systematic review. Br J Health Psychol. 2020 Sep;25(3):695-727.[Abstract][Full Text]