Ebola virus infection - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Ebola disease is nonspecific in the early stages, which makes the differential diagnosis broad; therefore, clinical suspicion of the infection with prompt isolation is very important in the context of a history of exposure.
Management is centered around early recognition of infection, coupled with effective isolation and optimized supportive care in a hospital setting.
Case fatality rates range from 25% to 90%, but the average rate was approximately 50% in the 2014 outbreak in West Africa (the largest outbreak to date), and 66% in the 2018-2020 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the second largest outbreak to date). Survivors often have prolonged ill health with significant disability.
As there is the possibility of infected people traveling, all countries should have tested and practiced protocols ready for screening and managing patients.
Vaccines are available to protect against infection and help control the spread of outbreaks.

Transmission electron micrograph showing some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by an Ebola virus virion

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Transmission electron micrograph showing some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by an Ebola virus virion
Ebolavirus ecology showing enzootic and epizootic cycles
Healthcare worker in personal protective equipment at an Ebola treatment center in Sierra Leone, 2014
Diagnostic pathway for the workup of suspected Ebola disease
Cholera beds with central hole in mattress to manage patients with profuse diarrhea at an Ebola treatment center in West Africa, 2014
Ward area at an Ebola treatment center in West Africa, 2014
Oral rehydration solution supplies at an Ebola treatment center in West Africa, 2014
Insertion of an intravenous line in an adult with Ebola virus disease (West Africa)
Insertion of an intraosseous line in a critically-ill adult with Ebola virus disease (West Africa)

Citations

Key Articles

World Health Organization. Clinical care for survivors of Ebola virus disease: interim guidance. Apr 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
World Health Organization. Guidelines for the management of pregnant and breastfeeding women in the context of Ebola virus disease. 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control guideline for Ebola and Marburg disease. Aug 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
World Health Organization. Optimized supportive care for Ebola virus disease. July 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Lamontagne F, Fowler RA, Adhikari NK, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for supportive care of patients with Ebola virus disease. Lancet. 2018 Feb 17;391(10121):700-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
World Health Organization. Clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: a pocket guide for the front-line health worker. Feb 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
World Health Organization. Therapeutics for Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Aug 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

CDC: ebola outbreak history
UK Health Security Agency: ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers - outbreaks and case locations
CDC: guidance for personal protective equipment (PPE)
WHO: infection prevention and control guideline for Ebola and Marburg disease
Key infection prevention and control measures in the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline for Ebola. Willet V et al. BMJ 2024; 384 :p2811 doi:10.1136/bmj.p2811; used with permission
CDC: infection prevention and control recommendations for patients in US hospitals who are suspected or confirmed to have selected viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF)
CDC: viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) 2022 case definition
WHO: case definition recommendations for Ebola or Marburg virus diseases
CDC: collection, transport, and submission for Ebola virus testing in the US
WHO: how to safely collect blood samples from persons suspected to be infected with highly infectious blood-borne pathogens
WHO: interim guidance on the use of rapid Ebola antigen detection tests
WHO: Ebola surveillance in countries with no reported cases of Ebola virus disease
WHO: optimized supportive care for Ebola virus disease
WHO: manual for the care and management of patients in Ebola care units/community care centres - interim emergency guidance
WHO: clinical management of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever: a pocket guide for the front-line health worker
WHO: use of convalescent whole blood or plasma collected from patients recovered from Ebola virus disease for transfusion, as an empirical treatment during outbreaks
WHO: ethics of using convalescent whole blood and convalescent plasma during the Ebola epidemic
CDC: clinical guidance for Ebola in people who are pregnant
CDC: clinical guidance for neonates born to patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola disease
CDC: Ebola virus disease fact sheet
WHO: Ebola virus disease fact sheet
CDC: importation - bushmeat
WHO: Ebola virus disease and household pets
WHO: interim advice on the sexual transmission of the Ebola virus disease
ENN: infant feeding in the context of ebola
CDC: travelers health - Ebola and Marburg
WHO: travel and transport risk assessment
CDC: Ebola
WHO: Ebola virus disease
WHO: implementation and management of contact tracing for Ebola virus disease
WHO: how to conduct safe and dignified burial of a patient who has died from suspected or confirmed Ebola virus disease

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129. Food and Drug Administration. FDA allows marketing of first rapid diagnostic test for detecting Ebola virus antigens. October 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]
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