Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood-onset disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity demonstrated across 2 or more settings (such as home and school).
Several inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive symptoms must be present prior to 12 years of age, and 60% to 85% of patients have at least some degree of persistent functional impairment into adulthood.
Diagnosed by clinical history, which should include information from multiple sources, including parents, caregivers, and teachers.
First-line treatment is with psychoeducation and behavioral therapy, often in combination with stimulant medication.
Stimulant medication can be effective in 85% of patients; nonstimulants are less often effective, but may have other advantages in terms of duration of action or in particular populations.

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History & Exam
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Citations

Key Articles

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.
World Health Organization. ICD-11 International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 11th revision. Geneva: WHO; 2022.[Full Text]
Wolraich ML, Hagan JF Jr, Allan C, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019 Oct;144(4):e20192528.[Abstract][Full Text]
Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, et al. The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Sep;128:789-818.[Abstract][Full Text]
Barbaresi WJ, Campbell L, Diekroger EA, et al. Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Complex Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2020 Feb/Mar;41 Suppl 2S:S35-S57.[Abstract][Full Text]

Other Online Resources

Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development
UK Biobank
Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic scales
SNAP-IV 26 - teacher and parent rating scale
Clinical Tools
Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD)
Attention Deficit Disorder Association
ADDitude magazine
CDC: attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Referenced Articles

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