Malaria infection - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Malaria typically presents with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, chills, sweats, headache, and myalgia.
In Western countries, almost all malaria occurs in travelers; therefore, the diagnosis may be missed if a history of travel is not elicited.
Microscopic examination of a Giemsa-stained blood film remains the diagnostic test of choice; however, immunochromatographic tests are also used in many centers.
Once the diagnosis of malaria is confirmed, treatment should be started urgently, as a delay may be associated with disease progression and complications.
Management should be undertaken in conjunction with an infectious diseases specialist.

Thin-film Giemsa-stained micrographs showing ring-form Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites

CDC Image Library/Steven Glenn, Laboratory & Consultation Division; used with permission

Quick Reference

History & Exam
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Female (top) and male (bottom) Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes. The female is in the process of egg-laying on a sheet of egg paper. A gambiae is the principal vector of malaria in Africa
Illustration of life cycle of parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which are causal agents of malaria
Giemsa-stained slide revealing Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes
Thin-film Giemsa-stained micrographs showing ring-form Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites
Thick-film Giemsa-stained micrograph showing two mature Plasmodium vivax schizonts, each containing merozoites

Citations

Key Articles

World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for malaria. Oct 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical guidance: malaria diagnosis & treatment in the U.S. Jun 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

BMJ talk medicine podcast: malaria
CDC: malaria - choosing a drug to prevent malaria
WHO: malaria vaccines (RTS,S and R21) Q&A
CDC: how to report a case of malaria
CDC: DPDx laboratory identification of parasitic diseases of public health concern - malaria
CDC: DPDx training - malaria RDT training video
CDC: how to acquire IV artesunate in the United States
WHO: malaria threats map
CDC: malaria risk assessment for travelers
WHO: malaria fact sheet

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