Diabetic ketoacidosis - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by a biochemical triad of hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and acidemia, with rapid symptom onset.
Common symptoms and signs include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weakness, weight loss, tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, hypotension, and, in severe cases, shock.
Successful treatment includes correction of volume depletion, ketogenesis, hyperglycemia, electrolyte imbalances, and comorbid precipitating events, with frequent monitoring.
Complications of treatment include hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hypoxemia, and rarely pulmonary edema.
Cerebral edema is a rare but potentially rapidly fatal complication. It may be prevented by avoiding overly rapid fluid and electrolyte replacement.

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Triad of DKA
Pathogenesis of DKA and HHS; triggers include stress, infection, and insufficient insulin. FFA: free fatty acid; HHS: hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

Citations

Key Articles

Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.[Abstract][Full Text]
American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan ;48(suppl 1):S1-352.[Full Text]
Dhatariya KK, Glaser NS, Codner E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 May 14;6(1):40.[Abstract]
Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 Apr;12(4):222-32.[Abstract]

Referenced Articles

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