Highlights & Basics
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that occurs in organ systems other than the lungs.
- Epidemiologic risk factors include birth in high TB-prevalent countries, exposure at place of residence/work in an institutional setting, and homelessness.
- Diagnosis may be delayed as a result of nonspecific clinical manifestations that progress slowly and the low sensitivity of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear on extrapulmonary specimens.
- Microbiologic proof is the key to diagnosis and treatment, and tissue biopsy is frequently required. Other supportive findings are granulomas and positive AFB stain on pathology, and chest x-ray findings.
- Initial therapy is a 4-drug regimen typically consisting of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol; treatment lasts for at least 6 months.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
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World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Sep 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct 1;63(7):e147-95.[Abstract][Full Text]
National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. May 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. An official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Nov 15;200(10):e93-142.[Abstract][Full Text]
World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: tuberculosis preventive treatment. Module 1: prevention. 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis, module 4: treatment - drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update. Dec 2022 [internet publication][Abstract][Full Text]
British HIV Association. BHIVA guidelines for the management of tuberculosis in adults living with HIV 2018 (2023 interim update). 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment. May 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
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