Highlights & Basics
- Hypercholesterolemia is most commonly, but not exclusively, defined as elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); an alternative term is dyslipidemia, which encompasses elevated triglycerides, low levels of HDL-C, and qualitative lipid abnormalities.
- Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease; it is usually symptomatically quiescent until significant atherosclerosis has developed.
- Complications of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis include myocardial infarction, ischemic cardiomyopathy, sudden cardiac death, ischemic stroke, erectile dysfunction, claudication, and acute limb ischemia.
- Risk factors for secondary hypercholesterolemia include a sedentary lifestyle and a diet characterized by the excessive consumption of saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, and cholesterol. Other associations include diabetes, excess body weight mainly in the abdominal region, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, and cholestatic liver disease. Low HDL-C levels are associated with smoking and abdominal obesity.
- Hypercholesterolemia is diagnosed by a lipid profile, consisting of measurements of total cholesterol, LDL-C (estimated or direct), HDL-C, and triglycerides. Non-HDL-C is calculated by the subtraction of HDL-C from total cholesterol.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Images
Xanthomata over the metacarpophalangeal joints
Extravascular lipid deposits (xanthelasma) (arrows) in a patient treated with margarine enriched in plant sterols
Xanthomata of the Achilles tendon
Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria for familial hypercholesterolemia
Risk for CVD morbidity by age 80
Lloyd-Jones/Framingham risk algorithm
Citations
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