Type 1 diabetes mellitus - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute insulin deficiency.
Patients most often present with a few days or weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and weakness.
Some patients may present with diabetic ketoacidosis.
Insulin is required for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
Intensive glycemic control has been shown to decrease the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Flowchart for investigation of suspected type 1 diabetes in adults, based on data from white European populations. No single clinical feature in isolation confirms type 1 diabetes. The most discriminative feature is younger age at diagnosis (<35 years), with lower body mass index (<25), unintentional weight loss, ketoacidosis, and glucose >360 mg/dL (>20 mmol/L) at presentation
The continuous glucose monitor senses interstitial glucose concentrations and sends the information via Bluetooth to a control algorithm hosted on an insulin pump (or smartphone). The algorithm calculates the amount of insulin required, and the insulin pump delivers rapid acting insulin subcutaneously

Citations

Key Articles

American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan;48(1):S344-52. [Full Text]
Norris JM, Johnson RK, Stene LC. Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Mar;8(3):226-38.[Abstract][Full Text]
International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2024. Dec 2024 [nternet publication].[Full Text]
Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2021 Dec;64(12):2609-52.[Abstract][Full Text]

Referenced Articles

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