Prostate cancer - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men in the US. It is most commonly reported in men ages >50 years.
Prostate-specific antigen testing and digital rectal exam are key diagnostic tools used in screening. Diagnosis is confirmed by prostate biopsy.
Management may be expectant or definitive (i.e., with curative intent).
In the US, overall 5-year survival rate is approximately 100% for local- and regional-stage prostate cancer, and approximately 37% for distant-stage prostate cancer.

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
More information...
Diagnostics Tests
More information...
Treatment Options
More information...

Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Gleason score is based on the degree of architectural differentiation of the prostate tumor

Citations

Key Articles

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer early detection [internet publication].[Full Text]
Parker C, Castro E, Fizazi K, et al. Prostate cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2020 Sep;31(9):1119-34.[Abstract][Full Text]
Morgan SC, Hoffman K, Loblaw DA, et al. Hypofractionated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: an ASTRO, ASCO, and AUA evidence-based guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Oct 11;36(34):JCO1801097.[Abstract][Full Text]
Morgan TM, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, et al. Salvage therapy for prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline part I: introduction and treatment decision-mMaking at the time of suspected biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2024 Apr;211(4):509-17.[Abstract][Full Text]
Morgan TM, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, et al. Salvage therapy for prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline part II: treatment delivery for non-metastatic biochemical recurrence after primary radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2024 Apr;211(4):518-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
Morgan TM, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, et al. Salvage therapy for prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline part III: salvage therapy after radiotherapy or focal therapy, pelvic nodal recurrence and oligometastasis, and future directions. J Urol. 2024 Apr;211(4):526-32.[Abstract][Full Text]

Other Online Resources

UCSF: CAPRA score
Prostate tumor volume and density calculator
Brady Urological Institute: the Partin tables
Memorial-Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center: prostate cancer nomograms
University of Sheffield: FRAX tool

Referenced Articles

1. National Cancer Institute; Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER). Cancer stat facts: prostate cancer [internet publication].[Full Text]
2. Prostate. In: American Joint Committee on Cancer: AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2017.
3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer [internet publication].[Full Text]
4. Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Carroll PR. Risk assessment for prostate cancer metastasis and mortality at the time of diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jun 16;101(12):878-87.[Abstract][Full Text]
5. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Prostate cancer: diagnosis and management. December 2021 [internet publication][Full Text]
6. Gnanapragasam VJ, Bratt O, Muir K, et al. The Cambridge Prognostic Groups for improved prediction of disease mortality at diagnosis in primary non-metastatic prostate cancer: a validation study. BMC Med. 2018 Feb 28;16(1):31.[Abstract][Full Text]
7. Gnanapragasam VJ, Lophatananon A, Wright KA, et al. Improving clinical risk stratification at diagnosis in primary prostate cancer: a prognostic modelling study. PLoS Med. 2016 Aug;13(8):e1002063.[Abstract][Full Text]
8. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 May;71(3):209-49.[Abstract][Full Text]
9. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, et al. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022 Jan;72(1):7-33.[Abstract][Full Text]
10. Cancer Research UK. Prostate cancer statistics. [internet publication].[Full Text]
11. Delon C, Brown KF, Payne NWS, et al. Differences in cancer incidence by broad ethnic group in England, 2013-2017. Br J Cancer. 2022 Jun;126(12):1765-73.[Abstract][Full Text]
12. Shimizu H, Ross RK, Bernstein L, et al. Cancers of the prostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles County. Br J Cancer. 1991 Jun;63(6):963-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
13. Muir CS, Nectoux J, Staszewski J. The epidemiology of prostatic cancer. Geographical distribution and time trends. Acta Oncol. 1991;30(2):133-40.[Abstract]
14. Liss MA, Al-Bayati O, Gelfond J, et al. Higher baseline dietary fat and fatty acid intake is associated with increased risk of incident prostate cancer in the SABOR study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019 May;22(2):244-51.[Abstract]
15. Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C. Fried food and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2015;66(5):587-9.[Abstract]
16. Michels N, Specht IO, Heitmann BL, et al. Dietary trans-fatty acid intake in relation to cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2021 Jun 4;79(7):758-76.[Abstract][Full Text]
17. Cirne F, Kappel C, Zhou S, et al. Modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022 Sep;25(3):453-62.[Abstract]
18. Xu C, Han FF, Zeng XT, et al. Fat intake is not linked to prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 17;10(7):e0131747.[Abstract][Full Text]
19. Goncalves MD, Hopkins BD, Cantley LC. Dietary fat and sugar in promoting cancer development and progression. Ann Rev Cancer Biol. 2019 Mar;1:255-73.[Full Text]
20. Kiciński M, Vangronsveld J, Nawrot TS. An epidemiological reappraisal of the familial aggregation of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e27130.[Abstract][Full Text]
21. Ewing CM, Ray AM, Lange EM, et al. Germline mutations in HOXB13 and prostate-cancer risk. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jan 12;366(2):141-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
22. Wang G, Zhao D, Spring DJ, et al. Genetics and biology of prostate cancer. Genes Dev. 2018 Sep 1;32(17-18):1105-40.[Abstract]
23. Nyberg T, Tischkowitz M, Antoniou AC. BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2022 Apr;126(7):1067-81.[Abstract][Full Text]
24. Ryan S, Jenkins MA, Win AK. Risk of prostate cancer in Lynch syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 Mar;23(3):437-49.[Abstract][Full Text]
25. Tsodikov A, Gulati R, de Carvalho TM, et al. Is prostate cancer different in black men? Answers from 3 natural history models. Cancer. 2017 Jun 15;123(12):2312-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
26. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prostate cancer early detection [internet publication].[Full Text]
27. Bostwick DG. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: the most likely precursor of prostate cancer. Cancer. 1995;75:1823-36.
28. Davidson D, Bostwick DG, Qian J, et al. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for adenocarcinoma: predictive accuracy in needle biopsies. J Urol. 1995 Oct;154(4):1295-9.[Abstract]
29. Bubendorf L, Schopfer A, Wagner U, et al. Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of 1,589 patients. Hum Pathol. 2000 May;31(5):578-83.[Abstract]
30. National Cancer Institute; Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER). SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2004. November 2007 [internet publication].[Full Text]
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Who is at risk for prostate cancer? July 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
32. Billis A. Latent carcinoma and atypical lesions of prostate: an autopsy study. Urology. 1986 Oct;28(4):324-9.[Abstract]
33. Vince RA Jr, Jiang R, Bank M, et al. Evaluation of social determinants of health and prostate cancer outcomes among black and white patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jan 3;6(1):e2250416.[Abstract][Full Text]
34. Schumacher FR, Basourakos SP, Lewicki PJ, et al. Race and genetic alterations in prostate cancer. JCO Precis Oncol. 2021;5:PO.21.00324.[Abstract][Full Text]
35. Castro E, Goh C, Olmos D, et al. Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013 May 10;31(14):1748-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
36. Page EC, Bancroft EK, Brook MN, et al. Interim results from the IMPACT study: evidence for prostate-specific antigen screening in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Eur Urol. 2019 Dec;76(6):831-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
37. Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jul 17;349(3):215-24.[Abstract][Full Text]
38. Andriole GL, Bostwick DG, Brawley OW, et al. Effect of dutasteride on the risk of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 1;362(13):1192-202.[Abstract][Full Text]
39. Unger JM, Hershman DL, Till C, et al. Using medicare claims to examine long-term prostate cancer risk of finasteride in the Prostate Cancer Prevention trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018 Nov 1;110(11):1208-15.[Abstract][Full Text]
40. Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Darke AK, et al. Long-term effects of finasteride on prostate cancer mortality. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 24;380(4):393-4.[Abstract]
41. Björnebo L, Nordström T, Discacciati A, et al. Association of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors with prostate cancer mortality. JAMA Oncol. 2022 Jul 1;8(7):1019-26.[Abstract][Full Text]
42. Sarkar RR, Parsons JK, Bryant AK, et al. Association of treatment with 5alpha-reductase inhibitors with time to diagnosis and mortality in prostate cancer. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Jun 1;179(6):812-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
43. Applegate CC, Rowles JL, Ranard KM, et al. Soy consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2018 Jan 4;10(1):40.[Abstract]
44. Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: The physicians' health study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Jan 7;301(1):52-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
45. Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011 Oct 12;306(14):1549-56.[Abstract][Full Text]
46. Lippman SMK, Parnes HLM, III, JDC, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2009 Jan 7;301(1):39-51.[Abstract]
47. Jiang L, Yang KH, Tian JH, et al. Efficacy of antioxidant vitamins and selenium supplement in prostate cancer prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Cancer. 2010;62(6):719-27.[Abstract]
48. Vinceti M, Filippini T, Del Giovane C, et al. Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 29;(1):CD005195.[Abstract][Full Text]
49. Gaziano JM, Sesso HD, Christen WG, et al. Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012 Nov 14;308(18):1871-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
50. Van Patten CL. Diet and dietary supplement intervention trials for the prevention of prostate cancer recurrence: a review of the randomized controlled trial evidence. J Urol. 2008 Dec;180(6):2314-21.[Abstract]
51. Morgan TO, Jacobsen SJ, McCarthy WF, et al. Age-specific reference ranges for serum prostate-specific antigen in black men. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 1;335(5):304-10.[Abstract][Full Text]
52. Wei JT, Barocas D, Carlsson S, et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA/SUO guideline part I: prostate cancer screening. J Urol. 2023 Jul;210(1):46-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
53. Eastham JA, Riedel E, Scardino PT, et al. Variation of serum prostate-specific antigen levels: an evaluation of year-to-year fluctuations. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2695-700.[Abstract][Full Text]
54. American Urological Association. Prostate-specific antigen best practice policy. Oncology (Williston Park). Oncology (Williston Park). 2000 Feb;14(2):267-72.[Abstract]
55. American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society recommendations for prostate cancer early detection. April 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
56. Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 May 8;319(18):1901-13.[Abstract][Full Text]
57. Carroll P, Coley C, McLeod D, et al. Prostate-specific antigen best practice policy - part I: early detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer. Urology. 2001 Feb;57(2):217-24.[Abstract]
58. American Cancer Society. Screening tests for prostate cancer. January 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
59. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. Aug 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
60. Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA. 1992 Apr 22-29;267(16):2215-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
61. Partin AW, Brawer MK, Subong EN, et al. Prospective evaluation of percent free-PSA and complexed-PSA for early detection of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 1998 Jun;1(4):197-203.[Abstract][Full Text]
62. Yusim I, Krenawi M, Mazor E, et al. The use of prostate specific antigen density to predict clinically significant prostate cancer. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 17;10(1):20015.[Abstract][Full Text]
63. Omri N, Kamil M, Alexander K, et al. Association between PSA density and pathologically significant prostate cancer: the impact of prostate volume. Prostate. 2020 Dec;80(16):1444-9.[Abstract]
64. Maggi M, Panebianco V, Mosca A, et al. Prostate imaging reporting and data system 3 category cases at multiparametric magnetic resonance for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus. 2020 May 15;6(3):463-78.[Abstract]
65. Loeb S, Catalona WJ. Prostate-specific antigen in clinical practice. Cancer Lett. 2007 Apr 28;249(1):30-9.[Abstract]
66. Sengupta S, Myers RP, Slezak JM, et al. Preoperative prostate specific antigen doubling time and velocity are strong and independent predictors of outcomes following radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2005 Dec;174(6):2191-6.[Abstract]
67. Sutcliffe P, Hummel S, Simpson E, et al. Use of classical and novel biomarkers as prognostic risk factors for localised prostate cancer: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2009 Jan;13(5):iii, xi-xiii 1-219.[Abstract]
68. Vickers AJ, Savage C, O'Brien MF, et al. Systematic review of pretreatment prostate-specific antigen velocity and doubling time as predictors for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jan 20;27(3):398-403.[Abstract][Full Text]
69. Vickers AJ, Till C, Tangen CM, et al. An empirical evaluation of guidelines on prostate-specific antigen velocity in prostate cancer detection. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Mar 16;103(6):462-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
70. Ankerst DP, Straubinger J, Selig K, et al. A contemporary prostate biopsy risk calculator based on multiple heterogeneous cohorts. Eur Urol. 2018 Aug;74(2):197-203.[Abstract][Full Text]
71. Parker C, Castro E, Fizazi K, et al. Prostate cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2020 Sep;31(9):1119-34.[Abstract][Full Text]
72. Wei JT, Barocas D, Carlsson S, et al. Early detection of prostate cancer: AUA/SUO guideline part II: considerations for a prostate Biopsy. J Urol. 2023 Jul;210(1):54-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
73. Ahmed HU, El-Shater Bosaily A, Brown LC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study. Lancet. 2017 Feb 25;389(10071):815-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
74. Elwenspoek MMC, Sheppard AL, McInnes MDF, et al. Comparison of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and targeted biopsy with systematic biopsy alone for the diagnosis of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Aug 2;2(8):e198427.[Abstract][Full Text]
75. Padhani AR, Barentsz J, Villeirs G, et al. PI-RADS steering committee: the PI-RADS multiparametric MRI and MRI-directed biopsy pathway. Radiology. 2019 Aug;292(2):464-74.[Abstract][Full Text]
76. van der Leest M, Cornel E, Israël B, et al. Head-to-head comparison of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy versus multiparametric prostate resonance imaging with subsequent magnetic resonance-guided biopsy in biopsy-naïve men with elevated prostate-specific antigen: a large prospective multicenter clinical study. Eur Urol. 2019 Apr;75(4):570-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
77. Nicholson A, Mahon J, Boland A, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the PROGENSA® prostate cancer antigen 3 assay and the Prostate Health Index in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Oct;19(87):i-xxxi, 1-191.[Abstract][Full Text]
78. Bryant RJ, Sjoberg DD, Vickers AJ, et al. Predicting high-grade cancer at ten-core prostate biopsy using four kallikrein markers measured in blood in the ProtecT study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015 Apr 11;107(7).[Abstract][Full Text]
79. Parekh DJ, Punnen S, Sjoberg DD, et al. A multi-institutional prospective trial in the USA confirms that the 4Kscore accurately identifies men with high-grade prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2015 Sep;68(3):464-70.[Abstract]
80. Zappala SM, Dong Y, Linder V, et al. The 4Kscore blood test accurately identifies men with aggressive prostate cancer prior to prostate biopsy with or without DRE information. Int J Clin Pract. 2017 Jun;71(6).[Abstract]
81. Punnen S, Freedland SJ, Polascik TJ, et al. A multi-institutional prospective trial confirms noninvasive blood test maintains predictive value in African American men. J Urol. 2018 Jun;199(6):1459-63.[Abstract]
82. Van Neste L, Hendriks RJ, Dijkstra S, et al. Detection of high-grade prostate cancer using a urinary molecular biomarker-based risk score. Eur Urol. 2016 Nov;70(5):740-8.[Abstract]
83. Leyten GH, Hessels D, Jannink SA, et al. Prospective multicentre evaluation of PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions as diagnostic and prognostic urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2014 Mar;65(3):534-42.[Abstract]
84. Bradley LA, Palomaki GE, Gutman S, et al. Comparative effectiveness review: prostate cancer antigen 3 testing for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. J Urol. 2013 Aug;190(2):389-98.[Abstract]
85. Wei JT, Feng Z, Partin AW, et al. Can urinary PCA3 supplement PSA in the early detection of prostate cancer? J Clin Oncol. 2014 Dec 20;32(36):4066-72.[Abstract][Full Text]
86. McKiernan J, Donovan MJ, O'Neill V, et al. A novel urine exosome gene expression assay to predict high-grade prostate cancer at initial biopsy. JAMA Oncol. 2016 Jul 1;2(7):882-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
87. McKiernan J, Donovan MJ, Margolis E, et al. A prospective adaptive utility trial to validate performance of a novel urine exosome gene expression assay to predict high-grade prostate cancer in patients with prostate-specific antigen 2-10ng/ml at initial biopsy. Eur Urol. 2018 Dec;74(6):731-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
88. Tomlins SA, Day JR, Lonigro RJ, et al. Urine TMPRSS2:ERG plus PCA3 for individualized prostate cancer risk assessment. Eur Urol. 2016 Jul;70(1):45-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
89. Tosoian JJ, Trock BJ, Morgan TM, et al. Use of the MyProstateScore test to rule out clinically significant cancer: validation of a straightforward clinical testing approach. J Urol. 2021 Mar;205(3):732-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
90. Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Perner S, et al. Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer. Science. 2005 Oct 28;310(5748):644-8.[Abstract]
91. Klein EA, Partin A, Lotan Y, et al. Clinical validation of IsoPSA, a single parameter, structure-focused assay for improved detection of prostate cancer: a prospective, multicenter study. Urol Oncol. 2022 Sep;40(9):408.e9-408.e18.[Abstract][Full Text]
92. Scovell JM, Hettel D, Abouassaly R, et al. IsoPSA(®) Reduces Provider Recommendations for Biopsy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Men with Total Prostate Specific Antigen ≥4 ng/ml: A Real-World Observational Clinical Utility Study. Urol Pract. 2022 Mar;9(2):173-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
93. Drost FH, Osses DF, Nieboer D, et al. Prostate MRI, with or without MRI-targeted biopsy, and systematic biopsy for detecting prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 25;4(4):CD012663.[Abstract][Full Text]
94. Ahdoot M, Wilbur AR, Reese SE, et al. MRI-targeted, systematic, and combined biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):917-28.[Abstract][Full Text]
95. Rouvière O, Puech P, Renard-Penna R, et al. Use of prostate systematic and targeted biopsy on the basis of multiparametric MRI in biopsy-naive patients (MRI-FIRST): a prospective, multicentre, paired diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jan;20(1):100-9.[Abstract]
96. Moore CM, Robertson NL, Arsanious N, et al. Image-guided prostate biopsy using magnetic resonance imaging-derived targets: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2013 Jan;63(1):125-40.[Abstract]
97. Siddiqui MM, Rais-Bahrami S, Turkbey B, et al. Comparison of MR/ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy with ultrasound-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. JAMA. 2015 Jan 27;313(4):390-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
98. Wegelin O, Exterkate L, van der Leest M, et al. The FUTURE trial: a multicenter randomised controlled trial on target biopsy techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients with prior negative biopsies. Eur Urol. 2019 Apr;75(4):582-90.[Abstract][Full Text]
99. Bass EJ, Pantovic A, Connor MJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsy techniques compared to transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022 Feb;25(2):174-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
100. Baco E, Rud E, Eri LM, et al. A randomized controlled trial to assess and compare the outcomes of two-core prostate biopsy guided by fused magnetic resonance and transrectal ultrasound images and traditional 12-core systematic biopsy. Eur Urol. 2016 Jan;69(1):149-56.[Abstract][Full Text]
101. Schoots IG, Roobol MJ, Nieboer D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of significant prostate cancer detection compared to standard transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2015 Sep;68(3):438-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
102. Schoots IG, Nieboer D, Giganti F, et al. Is magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy a useful addition to systematic confirmatory biopsy in men on active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2018 Dec;122(6):946-58.[Abstract][Full Text]
103. Pienta KJ, Gorin MA, Rowe SP, et al. A phase 2/3 prospective multicenter study of the diagnostic accuracy of prostate specific membrane antigen PET/CT with 18F-DCFPyL in prostate cancer patients (OSPREY). J Urol. 2021 Jul;206(1):52-61.[Abstract][Full Text]
104. Fendler WP, Calais J, Eiber M, et al. Assessment of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET accuracy in localizing recurrent prostate cancer: a prospective single-arm clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jun 1;5(6):856-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
105. Hope TA, Eiber M, Armstrong WR, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET for pelvic nodal metastasis detection prior to radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection: a multicenter prospective phase 3 imaging trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Nov 1;7(11):1635-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
106. Hofman MS, Lawrentschuk N, Francis RJ, et al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen PET-CT in patients with high-risk prostate cancer before curative-intent surgery or radiotherapy (proPSMA): a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Lancet. 2020 Apr 11;395(10231):1208-16.[Abstract]
107. Jani AB, Ravizzini GC, Gartrell BA, et al. Diagnostic performance and safety of (18)F-rhPSMA-7.3 positron emission tomography in men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence: results from a phase 3, prospective, multicenter study (SPOTLIGHT). J Urol. 2023 Aug;210(2):299-311.[Abstract][Full Text]
108. Surasi DS, Eiber M, Maurer T, et al. Diagnostic performance and safety of positron emission tomography with (18)F-rhPSMA-7.3 in patients with Nnewly diagnosed unfavourable intermediate- to very-high-risk prostate cancer: results from a phase 3, prospective, multicentre study (LIGHTHOUSE). Eur Urol. 2023 Oct;84(4):361-70.[Abstract][Full Text]
109. Jairath NK, Dal Pra A, Vince R Jr, et al. A systematic review of the evidence for the decipher genomic classifier in prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2021 Mar;79(3):374-83.[Abstract]
110. Sommariva S, Tarricone R, Lazzeri M, et al. Prognostic value of the cell cycle progression score in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2016 Jan;69(1):107-15.[Abstract]
111. Covas Moschovas M, Chew C, Bhat S, et al. Association between oncotype DX genomic prostate score and adverse tumor pathology after radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol Focus. 2022 Mar;8(2):418-24.[Abstract]
112. Eggener SE, Rumble RB, Armstrong AJ, et al. Molecular biomarkers in localized prostate cancer: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2020 May 1;38(13):1474-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
113. Tosoian JJ, Chappidi M, Feng Z, et al. Prediction of pathological stage based on clinical stage, serum prostate-specific antigen, and biopsy Gleason score: Partin Tables in the contemporary era. BJU Int. 2017 May;119(5):676-83.[Abstract][Full Text]
114. Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Suardi N, et al. Comparison of nomograms with other methods for predicting outcomes in prostate cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 15;14(14):4400-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
115. Schulman CC, Irani J, Morote J, et al. Testosterone measurement in patients with prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2010 Jul;58(1):65-74.[Abstract]
116. Gleason DF, Mellinger GT, Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group. Prediction of prognosis for prostatic adenocarcinoma by combined histological grading and clinical staging. 1974. J Urol. 2002 Feb;167(2 Pt 2):953-8.[Abstract]
117. Epstein JI, Zelefsky MJ, Sjoberg DD, et al. A contemporary prostate cancer grading system: a validated alternative to the Gleason score. Eur Urol. 2016 Mar;69(3):428-35.[Abstract][Full Text]
118. Epstein JI, Egevad L, Amin MB, et al. The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: definition of grading patterns and proposal for a new grading system. Am J Surg Pathol. 2016 Feb;40(2):244-52.[Abstract]
119. Lehrer S, Stone NN, Droller MJ, et al. Association between American Urologic Association (AUA) urinary symptom score and disease stage in men with localized prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2002 Mar-Apr;7(2):73-6.[Abstract]
120. American Urological Association. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms (2018, amended 2019, 2020). 2020 [interent publication].[Full Text]
121. Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, et al. The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology. 1997 Jun;49(6):822-30.[Abstract]
122. Rosen RC, Cappelleri JC, Smith MD, et al. Development and evaluation of an abridged, 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) as a diagnostic tool for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 1999 Dec;11(6):319-26.[Abstract]
123. American College of Radiology. Prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS), v2.1. 2015 [internet publication].[Full Text]
124. Ilic D, Djulbegovic M, Jung JH, et al. Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2018 Sep 5;362:k3519.[Abstract][Full Text]
125. Tikkinen KAO, Dahm P, Lytvyn L, et al. Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Sep 5;362:k3581.[Abstract][Full Text]
126. Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL 3rd, et al. Prostate cancer screening in the randomized Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial: mortality results after 13 years of follow-up. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 Jan 18;104(2):125-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
127. Pinsky PF, Blacka A, Kramer BS, et al. Assessing contamination and compliance in the prostate component of the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. Clin Trials. 2010 Aug;7(4):303-11.[Abstract]
128. Schroder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1320-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
129. Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Månsson M, et al. A 16-yr follow-up of the European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2019 Jul;76(1):43-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
130. Tsodikov A, Gulati R, Heijnsdijk EAM, et al. Reconciling the effects of screening on prostate cancer mortality in the ERSPC and PLCO trials. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Oct 3;167(7):449-55.[Abstract][Full Text]
131. Kilpeläinen TP, Auvinen A, Määttänen L, et al. Results of the three rounds of the Finnish Prostate Cancer Screening Trial - the incidence of advanced cancer is decreased by screening. Int J Cancer. 2010 Oct 1;127(7):1699-705.[Abstract][Full Text]
132. Hugosson J, Carlsson S, Aus G, et al. Mortality results from the Goteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Aug;11(8):725-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
133. Martin RM, Donovan JL, Turner EL, et al. Effect of a low-intensity PSA-based screening intervention on prostate cancer mortality: the CAP randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Mar 6;319(9):883-95.[Abstract][Full Text]
134. Fenton JJ, Weyrich MS, Durbin S, et al. Prostate-specific antigen-based screening for prostate cancer: evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 2018 May 8;319(18):1914-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
135. Arsov C, Albers P, Herkommer K, et al. A randomized trial of risk-adapted screening for prostate cancer in young men - results of the first screening round of the PROBASE trial. Int J Cancer. 2022 Jun 1;150(11):1861-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
136. Bratt O, Auvinen A, Arnsrud Godtman R, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: evidence, ongoing trials, policies and knowledge gaps. BMJ Oncol. 2023;2:e000039.[Full Text]
137. UK National Screening Committee. UK NSC welcomes major new prostate cancer screening research. Nov 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
138. Fazekas T, Shim SR, Basile G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2024 Jun 1;10(6):745-54.[Abstract][Full Text]
139. Garraway IP, Carlsson SV, Nyame YA, et al. Prostate cancer foundation screening guidelines for black men in the United States. NEJM. 2024;3(5).[Full Text]
140. GOV.UK. Prostate cancer risk management programme: overview. Mar 2016 [internet publicstion].[Full Text]
141. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal. [internet publication] [Full Text]
142. Eastham JA, Auffenberg GB, Barocas DA, et al. Clinically localized prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO guideline, part I - introduction, risk assessment, staging, and risk-based management. J Urol. 2022 Jul;208(1):10-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
143. Trabulsi EJ, Rumble RB, Jadvar H, et al. Optimum imaging strategies for advanced prostate cancer: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Jun 10;38(17):1963-96.[Abstract][Full Text]
144. Boyle HJ, Alibhai S, Decoster L, et al. Updated recommendations of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology on prostate cancer management in older patients. Eur J Cancer. 2019 Jul;116:116-36.[Abstract]
145. European Association of Urology. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
146. American Urological Association; Makarov D, Fagerlin A, Finkelstein J, et al. Implementation of shared decision making into urological practice. April 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
147. Eastham JA, Auffenberg GB, Barocas DA, et al. Clinically localized prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO guideline, part II - principles of active surveillance, principles of surgery, and follow-up. J Urol. 2022 Jul;208(1):19-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
148. Klotz L, Pond G, Loblaw A, et al. Randomized study of systematic biopsy versus magnetic resonance imaging and targeted and systematic biopsy in men on active surveillance (ASIST): 2-year postbiopsy follow-up. Eur Urol. 2020 Mar;77(3):311-7.[Abstract]
149. Denis L. Role of maximal androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer. Prostate Suppl. 1994;5:17-22.[Abstract]
150. Miller LE, Efstathiou JA, Bhattacharyya SK, et al. Association of the placement of a perirectal hydrogel spacer with the clinical outcomes of men receiving radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e208221.[Abstract][Full Text]
151. Hamstra DA, Mariados N, Sylvester J, et al. Continued benefit to rectal separation for prostate radiation therapy: final results of a phase III trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017 Apr 1;97(5):976-85.[Abstract][Full Text]
152. Hickey BE, James ML, Daly T, et al. Hypofractionation for clinically localized prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 3;9:CD011462.[Abstract][Full Text]
153. Avkshtol V, Ruth KJ, Ross EA, et al. Ten-year update of a randomized, prospective trial of conventional fractionated versus moderate hypofractionated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020 May 20;38(15):1676-84.[Abstract][Full Text]
154. Morgan SC, Hoffman K, Loblaw DA, et al. Hypofractionated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: executive summary of an ASTRO, ASCO and AUA evidence-based guideline. J Urol. 2019 Mar;201(3):528-34.[Abstract][Full Text]
155. Jackson WC, Silva J, Hartman HE, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 6,000 patients treated on prospective studies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2019 Jul 15;104(4):778-89.[Abstract][Full Text]
156. Morgan SC, Hoffman K, Loblaw DA, et al. Hypofractionated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: an ASTRO, ASCO, and AUA evidence-based guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Oct 11;36(34):JCO1801097.[Abstract][Full Text]
157. Brand DH, Tree AC, Ostler P, et al. Intensity-modulated fractionated radiotherapy versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for prostate cancer (PACE-B): acute toxicity findings from an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Nov;20(11):1531-43.[Abstract][Full Text]
158. Widmark A, Gunnlaugsson A, Beckman L, et al. Ultra-hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: 5-year outcomes of the HYPO-RT-PC randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019 Aug 3;394(10196):385-95.[Abstract]
159. Parker CC, James ND, Brawley CD, et al. Radiotherapy to the primary tumour for newly diagnosed, metastatic prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018 Dec 1;392(10162):2353-66.[Abstract][Full Text]
160. Phillips R, Shi WY, Deek M, et al. Outcomes of observation vs stereotactic ablative radiation for oligometastatic prostate cancer: the ORIOLE phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020 May 1;6(5):650-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
161. Palma DA, Olson R, Harrow S, et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for the comprehensive treatment of oligometastatic cancers: long-term results of the SABR-COMET phase II randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Sep 1;38(25):2830-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
162. Chin J, Rumble RB, Kollmeier M, et al. Brachytherapy for patients with prostate cancer: American Society Of Clinical Oncology/Cancer Care Ontario joint guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2017 May 20;35(15):1737-43.[Abstract][Full Text]
163. Ficarra V, Novara G, Rosen RC, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2012 Sep;62(3):405-17.[Abstract]
164. Ficarra V, Novara G, Ahlering TE, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting potency rates after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2012 Sep;62(3):418-30.[Abstract]
165. Ilic D, Evans SM, Allan CA, et al. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 12;(9):CD009625.[Abstract][Full Text]
166. Coughlin GD, Yaxley JW, Chambers SK, et al. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy versus open radical retropubic prostatectomy: 24-month outcomes from a randomised controlled study. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Aug;19(8):1051-60.[Abstract]
167. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 12;352(19):1977-84.[Abstract][Full Text]
168. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Filen F, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Aug 20;100(16):1144-54.[Abstract][Full Text]
169. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Garmo H, et al. Radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 6;370(10):932-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
170. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Garmo H, et al. Radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in prostate cancer - 29-year follow-up. N Engl J Med. 2018 Dec 13;379(24):2319-29.[Abstract][Full Text]
171. Wilt TJ, Brawer MK, Jones KM, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 19;367(3):203-13.[Abstract][Full Text]
172. Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, et al; ProtecT Study Group. 10-Year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 13;375(15):1415-24.[Abstract][Full Text]
173. Wilt TJ, Jones KM, Barry MJ, et al. Follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):132-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
174. Neal DE, Metcalfe C, Donovan JL, et al. Ten-year mortality, disease progression, and treatment-related side effects in men with localised prostate cancer from the ProtecT randomised controlled trial according to treatment received. Eur Urol. 2020 Mar;77(3):320-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
175. Vernooij RW, Lancee M, Cleves A, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus deferred treatment for localised prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 4;6(6):CD006590.[Abstract][Full Text]
176. Kupelian PA, Potters L, Khuntia D, et al. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy <72 Gy, external beam radiotherapy ≥72 Gy, permanent seed implantation, or combined seeds/external beam radiotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jan 1;58(1):25-33.[Abstract]
177. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998 Sep 16;280(11):969-74.[Abstract]
178. Alicikus ZA, Yamada Y, Zhang Z, et al. Ten-year outcomes of high-dose, intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer. 2011 Apr 1;117(7):1429-37.[Abstract][Full Text]
179. Kinsella N, Stattin P, Cahill D, et al. Factors influencing men's choice of and adherence to active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer: a mixed-method systematic review. Eur Urol. 2018 Sep;74(3):261-80.[Abstract]
180. Salari K, Kuppermann D, Preston MA, et al. Active surveillance of prostate cancer is a viable option for men younger than 60 years. J Urol. 2019 Apr;201(4):721-7.[Abstract]
181. Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Rutks I, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and harms of treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Mar 18;148(6):435-48.[Abstract]
182. Wilt TJ, Ullman KE, Linskens EJ, et al. Therapies for clinically localized prostate cancer: a comparative effectiveness review. J Urol. 2021 Apr;205(4):967-76.[Abstract][Full Text]
183. Dearnaley DP, Sydes MR, Graham JD, et al. Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007 Jun;8(6):475-87.[Abstract]
184. Potosky AL, Davis WW, Hoffman RM, et al. Five-year outcomes after prostatectomy or radiotherapy for prostate cancer: the prostate cancer outcomes study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Sep 15;96(18):1358-67.[Abstract][Full Text]
185. Sanda MG, Dunn RL, Michalski J, et al. Quality of life and satisfaction with outcome among prostate-cancer survivors. N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 20;358(12):1250-61.[Abstract][Full Text]
186. Wolff RF, Ryder S, Bossi A, et al. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2015 Nov;51(16):2345-67.[Abstract][Full Text]
187. Barocas DA, Alvarez J, Resnick MJ, et al. Association between radiation therapy, surgery, or observation for localized prostate cancer and patient-reported outcomes after 3 years. JAMA. 2017 Mar 21;317(11):1126-40.[Abstract][Full Text]
188. Chen RC, Basak R, Meyer AM, et al. Association between choice of radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, or active surveillance and patient-reported quality of life among men with localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2017 Mar 21;317(11):1141-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
189. Hoffman KE, Penson DF, Zhao Z, et al. Patient-reported outcomes through 5 years for active surveillance, surgery, brachytherapy, or external beam radiation with or without androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2020 Jan 14;323(2):149-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
190. Lane JA, Donovan JL, Young GJ, et al. Functional and quality of life outcomes of localised prostate cancer treatments (Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment [ProtecT] study). BJU Int. 2022 Sep;130(3):370-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
191. Lardas M, Liew M, van den Bergh RC, et al. Quality of life outcomes after primary treatment for clinically localised prostate cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2017 Dec;72(6):869-85.[Abstract][Full Text]
192. Pilepich MV, Caplan R, Byhardt RW, et al. Phase III trial of androgen suppression using goserelin in unfavorable-prognosis carcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive radiotherapy: Report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 85-31. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Mar;15(3):1013-21.[Abstract]
193. Pilepich MV, Winter K, John MJ, et al. Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Aug 1;50(5):1243-52.[Abstract]
194. Roach M 3rd, DeSilvio M, Lawton C, et al. Phase III trial comparing whole-pelvic versus prostate-only radiotherapy and neoadjuvant versus adjuvant combined androgen suppression: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9413. J Clin Oncol. 2003 May 15;21(10):1904-11.[Abstract]
195. D'Amico AV, Manola J, Loffredo M, et al. 6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Aug 18;292(7):821-7.[Abstract]
196. Bolla M, Maingon P, Carrie C, et al. Short androgen suppression and radiation dose escalation for intermediate- and high-risk localized prostate cancer: results of EORTC trial 22991. J Clin Oncol. 2016 May 20;34(15):1748-56.[Abstract]
197. Shelley MD, Kumar S, Wilt T, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of neo-adjuvant hormone therapy for localised and locally advanced prostate carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 2009 Feb;35(1):9-17.[Abstract]
198. Locke JA, Dal Pra A, Supiot S, et al. Synergistic action of image-guided radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy. Nat Rev Urol. 2015 Apr;12(4):193-204.[Abstract]
199. D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw AA, et al. Risk of prostate cancer recurrence in men treated with radiation alone or in conjunction with combined or less than combined androgen suppression therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 20;26(18):2979-83.[Abstract][Full Text]
200. Jones CU, Hunt D, McGowan DG, et al. Radiotherapy and short-term androgen deprivation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jul 14;365(2):107-18.[Abstract][Full Text]
201. Bolla M, Neven A, Maingon P, et al. Short androgen suppression and radiation dose escalation in prostate cancer: 12-year results of EORTC trial 22991 in patients with localized intermediate-risk disease. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Sep 20;39(27):3022-33.[Abstract][Full Text]
202. Kuban DA, Tucker SL, Dong L, et al. Long-term results of the M. D. Anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jan 1;70(1):67-74.[Abstract]
203. Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Gaudin PB, et al. Dose escalation with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy affects the outcome in prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jun 1;41(3):491-500.[Abstract]
204. Hanks GE, Hanlon AL, Schultheiss TE, et al. Dose escalation with 3D conformal treatment: five year outcomes, treatment optimization, and future directions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Jun 1;41(3):501-10.[Abstract]
205. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Starkschall G, et al. Prostate cancer radiation dose response: results of the M.D. Anderson phase III trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Aug 1;53(5):1097-105.[Abstract]
206. Zietman AL, DeSilvio ML, Slater JD, et al. Comparison of conventional-dose vs high-dose conformal radiation therapy in clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Sep 14;294(10):1233-9.[Abstract]
207. Murthy V, Maitre P, Kannan S, et al. Prostate-only versus whole-pelvic radiation therapy in high-risk and very high-risk prostate cancer (POP-RT): outcomes from phase III randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Apr 10;39(11):1234-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
208. Bolla M, Collette L, Blank L, et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Jul 13;360(9327):103-6.[Abstract]
209. Hanks GE, Pajak TF, Porter, et al. Phase III trial of long-term adjuvant androgen deprivation after neoadjuvant hormonal cytoreduction and radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92-02. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Nov 1;21(21):3972-8.[Abstract]
210. Bolla M, de Reijke TM, Van Tienhoven G, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11;360(24):2516-27.[Abstract]
211. Horwitz EM, Bae K, Hanks GE, et al. Ten-year follow-up of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92-02: a phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008 May 20;26(15):2497-504.[Abstract][Full Text]
212. Zapatero A, Guerrero A, Maldonado X, et al. High-dose radiotherapy with short-term or long-term androgen deprivation in localised prostate cancer (DART01/05 GICOR): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Mar;16(3):320-7.[Abstract]
213. Denham JW, Joseph D, Lamb DS, et al. Short-term androgen suppression and radiotherapy versus intermediate-term androgen suppression and radiotherapy, with or without zoledronic acid, in men with locally advanced prostate cancer (TROG 03.04 RADAR): 10-year results from a randomised, phase 3, factorial trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Feb;20(2):267-81.[Abstract]
214. Nabid A, Carrier N, Martin AG, et al. Duration of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in High-risk Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Phase III Trial. Eur Urol. 2018 Oct;74(4):432-441.[Abstract][Full Text]
215. Malone S, Roy S, Eapen L, et al. Sequencing of androgen-deprivation therapy with external-beam radiotherapy in localized prostate cancer: a phase III randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Feb 20;38(6):593-601.[Abstract][Full Text]
216. Fosså SD, Wiklund F, Klepp O, et al. Ten- and 15-yr prostate cancer-specific mortality in patients with nonmetastatic locally advanced or aggressive intermediate prostate cancer, randomized to lifelong endocrine treatment alone or combined with radiotherapy: final results of the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group-7. Eur Urol. 2016 Oct;70(4):684-91.[Abstract]
217. Crook J, Ludgate C, Malone S, et al. Final report of multicenter Canadian phase III randomized trial of 3 versus 8 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before conventional-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Feb 1;73(2):327-33.[Abstract]
218. Kishan AU, Wang X, Seiferheld W, et al. Association of Gleason grade with androgen deprivation therapy duration and survival autcomes: a systematic review and patient-level meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jan 1;5(1):91-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
219. Fransson P, Lund JA, Damber JE, et al. Quality of life in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer given endocrine treatment with or without radiotherapy: 4-year follow-up of SPCG-7/SFUO-3, an open-label, randomised, phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Apr;10(4):370-80.[Abstract]
220. Widmark A, Klepp O, Solberg A, et al. Endocrine treatment, with or without radiotherapy, in locally advanced prostate cancer (SPCG-7/SFUO-3): an open randomised phase III trial. Lancet. 2009 Jan 24;373(9660):301-8.[Abstract]
221. Verhagen PC, Schröder FH, Collette L, et al. Does local treatment of the prostate in advanced and/or lymph node metastatic disease improve efficacy of androgen-deprivation therapy? A systematic review. Eur Urol. 2010 Aug;58(2):261-9.[Abstract]
222. Brundage M, Sydes MR, Parulekar WR, et al. Impact of radiotherapy when added to androgen-deprivation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long-term quality-of-life outcomes from the NCIC CTG PR3/MRC PR07 randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 1;33(19):2151-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
223. Mason MD, Parulekar WR, Sydes MR, et al. Final report of the intergroup randomized study of combined androgen-deprivation therapy plus radiotherapy versus androgen-deprivation therapy alone in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 1;33(19):2143-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
224. Jackson WC, Hartman HE, Dess RT, et al. Addition of androgen-deprivation therapy or brachytherapy boost to external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Sep 10;38(26):3024-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
225. Morris WJ, Tyldesley S, Rodda S, et al. Androgen suppression combined with elective nodal and dose escalated radiation therapy (the ASCENDE-RT Trial): an analysis of survival endpoints for a randomized trial comparing a low-dose-rate brachytherapy boost to a dose-escalated external beam boost for high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017 Jun 1;98(2):275-85.[Abstract]
226. Kishan AU, Cook RR, Ciezki JP, et al. Radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, or external beam radiotherapy with brachytherapy boost and disease progression and mortality in patients with Gleason score 9-10 Prostate Cancer. JAMA. 2018 Mar 6;319(9):896-905.[Abstract][Full Text]
227. Ennis RD, Hu L, Ryemon SN, et al. Brachytherapy-based radiotherapy and radical prostatectomy are associated with similar survival in high-risk localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Apr 20;36(12):1192-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
228. Crook JM, O'Callaghan CJ, Duncan G, et al. Intermittent androgen suppression for rising PSA level after radiotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012 Sep 6;367(10):895-903.[Abstract][Full Text]
229. Henselmans I, Smets EM, Van Laarhoven HW. Decision making about treatment for advanced cancer: influencing wisely? JAMA Oncol. 2015 Nov;1(8):1169.[Abstract]
230. Schulman C, Cornel E, Matveev V, et al. Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation therapy in patients with relapsing or locally advanced prostate cancer: a phase 3b randomised study (ICELAND). Eur Urol. 2016 Apr;69(4):720-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
231. James ND, de Bono JS, Spears MR, et al. Abiraterone for prostate cancer not previously treated with hormone therapy. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):338-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
232. Fizazi K, Gillessen S, ESMO Guidelines Committee. Updated treatment recommendations for prostate cancer from the ESMO clinical practice guideline considering treatment intensification and use of novel systemic agents. Ann Oncol. 2023 Jun;34(6):557-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
233. Attard G, Murphy L, Clarke NW, et al. Abiraterone acetate and prednisolone with or without enzalutamide for high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of primary results from two randomised controlled phase 3 trials of the STAMPEDE platform protocol. Lancet. 2022 Jan 29;399(10323):447-60.[Abstract][Full Text]
234. Morgan TM, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, et al. Salvage therapy for prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline part I: introduction and treatment decision-mMaking at the time of suspected biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2024 Apr;211(4):509-17.[Abstract][Full Text]
235. Nguyen PL, Haddad Z, Ross AE, et al. Ability of a genomic classifier to predict metastasis and prostate cancer-specific mortality after radiation or surgery based on needle biopsy specimens. Eur Urol. 2017 Nov;72(5):845-52.[Abstract][Full Text]
236. Spratt DE, Yousefi K, Deheshi S, et al. Individual patient-level meta-analysis of the performance of the decipher genomic classifier in high-risk men after prostatectomy to predict development of metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 20;35(18):1991-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
237. Marascio J, Spratt DE, Zhang J, et al. Prospective study to define the clinical utility and benefit of Decipher testing in men following prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2020 Jun;23(2):295-302.[Abstract][Full Text]
238. Stephenson AJ, Scardino PT, Kattan MW, et al. Predicting the outcome of salvage radiation therapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2007 May 20;25(15):2035-41.[Abstract][Full Text]
239. Touijer KA, Mazzola CR, Sjoberg DD, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with lymph node metastasis treated with radical prostatectomy without adjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy. Eur Urol. 2014 Jan;65(1):20-5.[Abstract][Full Text]
240. Parker CC, Clarke NW, Cook AD, et al. Timing of radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy (RADICALS-RT): a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020 Oct 31;396(10260):1413-21.[Abstract][Full Text]
241. Sargos P, Chabaud S, Latorzeff I, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus early salvage radiotherapy plus short-term androgen deprivation therapy in men with localised prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (GETUG-AFU 17): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Oct;21(10):1341-52.[Abstract]
242. Kneebone A, Fraser-Browne C, Duchesne GM, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus early salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy (TROG 08.03/ANZUP RAVES): a randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Oct;21(10):1331-40.[Abstract]
243. Vale CL, Fisher D, Kneebone A, et al. Adjuvant or early salvage radiotherapy for the treatment of localised and locally advanced prostate cancer: a prospectively planned systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data. Lancet. 2020 Oct 31;396(10260):1422-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
244. Sachdev S, Carroll P, Sandler H, et al. Assessment of postprostatectomy radiotherapy as adjuvant or salvage therapy in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Nov 1;6(11):1793-800.[Abstract]
245. Cookson MS, Aus G, Burnett AL, et al. Variation in the definition of biochemical recurrence in patients treated for localized prostate cancer: the American Urological Association Prostate Guidelines for Localized Prostate Cancer Update Panel report and recommendations for a standard in the reporting of surgical outcomes. J Urol. 2007 Feb;177(2):540-5.[Abstract][Full Text]
246. Abugharib A, Jackson WC, Tumati V, et al. Very early salvage radiotherapy improves distant metastasis-free survival. J Urol. 2017 Mar;197(3 pt 1):662-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
247. Bolla M, van Poppel H, Colette L, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet. 2005 Aug 13-19;366(9485):572-8.[Abstract]
248. Bolla M, van Poppel H, Tombal B, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: long-term results of a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet. 2012 Dec 8;380(9858):2018-27.[Abstract]
249. Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial. J Urol. 2009 Mar;181(3):956-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
250. Hackman G, Taari K, Tammela TL, et al. Randomised trial of adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy versus radical prostatectomy alone in prostate cancer patients with positive margins or extracapsular extension. Eur Urol. 2019 Nov;76(5):586-95.[Abstract]
251. Feng FY, Huang HC, Spratt DE, et al.Validation of a 22-gene genomic classifier in patients with recurrent prostate cancer: an ancillary study of the NRG/RTOG 9601 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Apr 1;7(4):544-52.[Abstract][Full Text]
252. Messing EM, Manola J, Yao J, et al. Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Lancet Oncol. 2006 Jun;7(6):472-9.[Abstract]
253. Da Pozzo LF, Cozzarini C, Briganti A, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with prostate cancer and nodal metastases treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy: the positive impact of adjuvant radiotherapy. Eur Urol. 2009 May;55(5):1003-11.[Abstract][Full Text]
254. Abdollah F, Karnes RJ, Suardi N, et al. Impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on survival of patients with node-positive prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Dec 10;32(35):3939-47.[Abstract][Full Text]
255. Briganti A, Karnes RJ, Da Pozzo LF, et al. Combination of adjuvant hormonal and radiation therapy significantly prolongs survival of patients with pT2-4 pN+ prostate cancer: results of a matched analysis. Eur Urol. 2011 May;59(5):832-40.[Abstract][Full Text]
256. Lin CC, Gray PJ, Jemal A, et al. Androgen deprivation with or without radiation therapy for clinically node-positive prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015 Jul;107(7):djv119.[Abstract][Full Text]
257. Morgan TM, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, et al. Salvage therapy for prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline part II: treatment delivery for non-metastatic biochemical recurrence after primary radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2024 Apr;211(4):518-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
258. Carrie C, Hasbini A, de Laroche G, et al. Salvage radiotherapy with or without short-term hormone therapy for rising prostate-specific antigen concentration after radical prostatectomy (GETUG-AFU 16): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jun;17(6):747-56.[Abstract]
259. Carrie C, Magné N, Burban-Provost P, et al. Short-term androgen deprivation therapy combined with radiotherapy as salvage treatment after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (GETUG-AFU 16): a 112-month follow-up of a phase 3, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Dec;20(12):1740-9.[Abstract]
260. Pollack A, Karrison TG, Balogh AG, et al. The addition of androgen deprivation therapy and pelvic lymph node treatment to prostate bed salvage radiotherapy (NRG Oncology/RTOG 0534 SPPORT): an international, multicentre, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2022 May 14;399(10338):1886-901.[Abstract]
261. Roach M 3rd, Hanks G, Thames H Jr, et al. Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: recommendations of the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul 15;65(4):965-74.[Abstract]
262. Morgan TM, Boorjian SA, Buyyounouski MK, et al. Salvage therapy for prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline part III: salvage therapy after radiotherapy or focal therapy, pelvic nodal recurrence and oligometastasis, and future directions. J Urol. 2024 Apr;211(4):526-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
263. Beyer DC. Permanent brachytherapy as salvage treatment for recurrent prostate cancer. Urology. 1999 Nov;54(5):880-3.[Abstract]
264. Kimura M, Mouraviev V, Tsivian M, et al. Current salvage methods for recurrent prostate cancer after failure of primary radiotherapy. BJU Int. 2010 Jan;105(2):191-201.[Abstract][Full Text]
265. Mohler JL, Halabi S, Ryan ST, et al. Management of recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy: long-term results from CALGB 9687 (Alliance), a prospective multi-institutional salvage prostatectomy series. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019 May;22(2):309-16.[Abstract]
266. Tefilli MV, Gheiler EL, Tiquert R, et al. Salvage surgery or salvage radiotherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer. Urology. 1998 Aug;52(2):224-9.[Abstract]
267. Pisters LL, Dinney CP, Pettaway CA, et al. A feasibility study of cryotherapy followed by radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer. J Urol. 1999 Feb;161(2):509-14.[Abstract]
268. de Castro Abreu AL, Bahn D, Leslie S, et al. Salvage focal and salvage total cryoablation for locally recurrent prostate cancer after primary radiation therapy. BJU Int. 2013 Aug;112(3):298-307.[Abstract]
269. Li YH, Elshafei A, Agarwal G, et al. Salvage focal prostate cryoablation for locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy: initial results from the cryo on-line data registry. Prostate. 2015 Jan;75(1):1-7.[Abstract]
270. Bahn DK, Lee F, Badalament R, et al. Targeted cryoablation of the prostate: 7-year outcomes in the primary treatment of prostate cancer. Urology. 2002 Aug;60(2 suppl 1):3-11.[Abstract]
271. Cresswell J, Asterling S, Chaudhary M, et al. Third-generation cryotherapy for prostate cancer in the UK: a prospective study of the early outcomes in primary and recurrent disease. BJU Int. 2006 May;97(5):969-74.[Abstract][Full Text]
272. Dupont A, Gomez JL, Cusan L, et al. Response to flutamide withdrawal in advanced prostate cancer in progression under combination therapy. J Urol. 1993 Sep;150(3):908-13.[Abstract]
273. Sartor AO, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Antiandrogen withdrawal in castrate-refractory prostate cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial (SWOG 9426). Cancer. 2008 Jun;112(11):2393-400.[Abstract][Full Text]
274. Small EJ, Halabi S, Dawson NA, et al. Antiandrogen withdrawal alone or in combination with ketoconazole in androgen-independent prostate cancer patients: a phase III trial (CALGB 9583). J Clin Oncol. 2004 Mar 15;22(6):1025-33.[Abstract]
275. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA limits usage of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets due to potentially fatal liver injury and risk of drug interactions and adrenal gland problems. July 2013 [internet publication].[Full Text]
276. Smith MR, Saad F, Chowdhury S, et al. Apalutamide treatment and metastasis-free survival in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 Apr 12;378(15):1408-18.[Abstract]
277. Hussain M, Fizazi K, Saad F, et al. Enzalutamide in men with nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 28;378(26):2465-74.[Abstract][Full Text]
278. Fizazi K, Shore N, Tammela TL, et al. Darolutamide in nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 28;380(13):1235-46.[Abstract]
279. Saad F, Cella D, Basch E, et al. Effect of apalutamide on health-related quality of life in patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: an analysis of the SPARTAN randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Oct;19(10):1404-16.[Abstract]
280. Tombal B, Saad F, Penson D, et al. Patient-reported outcomes following enzalutamide or placebo in men with non-metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (PROSPER): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Apr;20(4):556-569.[Abstract][Full Text]
281. Sternberg CN, Fizazi K, Saad F, et al. Enzalutamide and survival in nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):2197-206.[Abstract][Full Text]
282. Fizazi K, Shore N, Tammela TL, et al. Nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer and survival with darolutamide. N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 10;383(11):1040-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
283. Smith MR, Saad F, Chowdhury S, et al. Apalutamide and overall survival in prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2021 Jan;79(1):150-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
284. Fallah J, Zhang L, Amatya A, et al. Survival outcomes in older men with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with androgen receptor inhibitors: a US Food and Drug Administration pooled analysis of patient-level data from three randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Sep;22(9):1230-9.[Abstract]
285. Abida W, Armenia J, Gopalan A, et al. Prospective genomic profiling of prostate cancer across disease states reveals germline and somatic alterations that may affect clinical decision making. JCO Precis Oncol. 2017 Jul;2017:PO.17.00029.[Abstract][Full Text]
286. Lowrance W, Dreicer R, Jarrard DF, et al. Updates to advanced prostate cancer: AUA/SUO guideline (2023). J Urol. 2023 Jun;209(6):1082-90.[Abstract][Full Text]
287. Morgans AK, Chen YH, Sweeney CJ, et al. Quality of life during treatment with chemohormonal therapy: analysis of E3805 chemohormonal androgen ablation randomized trial in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Apr 10;36(11):1088-95.[Abstract]
288. Fizazi K, Tran N, Fein L, et al. Abiraterone plus prednisone in metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):352-60.[Abstract][Full Text]
289. Chi KN, Protheroe A, Rodríguez-Antolín A, et al. Patient-reported outcomes following abiraterone acetate plus prednisone added to androgen deprivation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic castration-naive prostate cancer (LATITUDE): an international, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Feb;19(2):194-206.[Abstract]
290. Chi KN, Agarwal N, Bjartell A, et al. Apalutamide for metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jul 4;381(1):13-24.[Abstract][Full Text]
291. Davis ID, Martin AJ, Stockler MR, et al. Enzalutamide with standard first-line therapy in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jul 11;381(2):121-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
292. Armstrong AJ, Szmulewitz RZ, Petrylak DP, et al. ARCHES: A randomized, phase III study of androgen deprivation therapy with enzalutamide or placebo in men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 10;37(32):2974-86.[Abstract][Full Text]
293. Agarwal N, McQuarrie K, Bjartell A, et al. Health-related quality of life after apalutamide treatment in patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (TITAN): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Nov;20(11):1518-30.[Abstract]
294. VanderWeele DJ, Antonarakis ES, Carducci MA, et al. Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: clinical decision making in a rapidly evolving landscape of life-prolonging therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 10;37(32):2961-67.[Abstract][Full Text]
295. Sathianathen NJ, Oestreich MC, Brown SJ, et al. Abiraterone acetate in combination with androgen deprivation therapy compared to androgen deprivation therapy only for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 12;12(12):CD013245.[Abstract][Full Text]
296. Chi KN, Chowdhury S, Bjartell A, et al. Apalutamide in patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer: final survival analysis of the randomized, double-blind, phase III TITAN study. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Jul 10;39(20):2294-303.[Abstract][Full Text]
297. Fizazi K, Tran N, Fein L, et al. Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients with newly diagnosed high-risk metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (LATITUDE): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 May;20(5):686-700.[Abstract]
298. Virgo KS, Rumble RB, Talcott J. Initial management of noncastrate advanced, recurrent, or metastatic prostate cancer: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Jul 10;41(20):3652-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
299. Ali A, Hoyle A, Haran ÁM, et al. Association of bone metastatic burden with survival benefit from prostate radiotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Apr 1;7(4):555-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
300. Sutera PA, Shetty AC, Hakansson A, et al. Transcriptomic and clinical heterogeneity of metastatic disease timing within metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. Ann Oncol. 2023 Jul;34(7):605-14.[Abstract][Full Text]
301. Hoyle AP, Ali A, James ND, et al. Abiraterone in "high-" and "low-risk" metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2019 Dec;76(6):719-28.[Abstract]
302. Riaz IB, Naqvi SAA, He H, et al. First-line systemic treatment options for metastatic castration-sensitive prostate sancer: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2023 May 1;9(5):635-45.[Abstract][Full Text]
303. Fizazi K, Foulon S, Carles J, et al. Abiraterone plus prednisone added to androgen deprivation therapy and docetaxel in de novo metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (PEACE-1): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Lancet. 2022 Apr 30;399(10336):1695-707.[Abstract]
304. Smith MR, Hussain M, Saad F, et al. Darolutamide and survival in metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 24;386(12):1132-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
305. Burdett S, Boevé LM, Ingleby FC, et al. Prostate radiotherapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a STOPCAP systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2019 Jul;76(1):115-24.[Abstract][Full Text]
306. Boevé LMS, Hulshof MCCM, Vis AN, et al. Effect on survival of androgen deprivation therapy alone compared to androgen deprivation therapy combined with concurrent radiation therapy to the prostate in patients with primary bone metastatic prostate cancer in a prospective randomised clinical trial: data from the HORRAD trial. Eur Urol. 2019 Mar;75(3):410-8.[Abstract]
307. Conti PD, Atallah AN, Arruda H, et al. Intermittent versus continuous androgen suppression for prostatic cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD005009.[Abstract][Full Text]
308. Abrahamsson PA. Potential benefits of intermittent androgen suppression therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol. 2010 Jan;57(1):49-59.[Abstract]
309. Botrel TE, Clark O, dos Reis RB, et al. Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation for locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol. 2014 Jan 25;14:9.[Abstract][Full Text]
310. Magnan S, Zarychanski R, Pilote L, et al. Intermittent vs continuous androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2015 Dec;1(9):1261-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
311. Hussain M, Tangen CM, Berry DL, et al. Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 4;368(14):1314-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
312. Harshman LC, Chen YH, Liu G, et al. Seven-month prostate-specific antigen is prognostic in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation with or without docetaxel. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb 1;36(4):376-82.[Abstract][Full Text]
313. Rao A, Vapiwala N, Schaeffer EM, et al. Oligometastatic prostate cancer: a shrinking subset or an opportunity for cure? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2019 Jan;39:309-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
314. Ost P, Reynders D, Decaestecker K, et al. Surveillance or metastasis-directed therapy for oligometastatic prostate cancer recurrence: a prospective, randomized, multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb 10;36(5):446-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
315. Palma DA, Olson R, Harrow S, et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus standard of care palliative treatment in patients with oligometastatic cancers (SABR-COMET): a randomised, phase 2, open-label trial. Lancet. 2019 May 18;393(10185):2051-8.[Abstract]
316. Khalaf DJ, Annala M, Taavitsainen S, et al. Optimal sequencing of enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 2, crossover trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Dec;20(12):1730-9.[Abstract]
317. Wallis CJD, Klaassen Z, Jackson WC, et al. Olaparib vs cabazitaxel in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 May 3;4(5):e2110950.[Abstract][Full Text]
318. Hofman MS, Emmett L, Sandhu S, et al. [(177)Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2021 Feb 27;397(10276):797-804.[Abstract]
319. Ryan CJ, Smith MR, Fizazi K, et al; COU-AA-302 Investigators. Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus placebo plus prednisone in chemotherapy-naive men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (COU-AA-302): final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Feb;16(2):152-60.[Abstract]
320. Beer TM, Armstrong AJ, Rathkopf DE, et al; PREVAIL Investigators. Enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 31;371(5):424-33.[Abstract][Full Text]
321. Basch E, Loblaw DA, Oliver TK, et al. Systemic therapy in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Care Ontario clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Oct 20;32(30):3436-48.[Abstract][Full Text]
322. Penson DF, Armstrong AJ, Concepcion R, et al. Enzalutamide versus bicalutamide in castration-resistant prostate cancer: the STRIVE trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 20;34(18):2098-106.[Abstract]
323. Beer TM, Armstrong AJ, Rathkopf D, et al. Enzalutamide in men with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: extended analysis of the phase 3 PREVAIL study. Eur Urol. 2017 Feb;71(2):151-4.[Abstract]
324. Armstrong AJ, Lin P, Tombal B, et al. Five-year survival prediction and safety outcomes with enzalutamide in men with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer from the PREVAIL trial. Eur Urol. 2020 Sep;78(3):347-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
325. Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 7;351(15):1513-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
326. Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 7;351(15):1502-12.[Abstract]
327. de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010 Oct 2;376(9747):1147-54.[Abstract]
328. de Wit R, de Bono J, Sternberg CN, et al. Cabazitaxel versus abiraterone or enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 26;381(26):2506-18.[Abstract][Full Text]
329. Fizazi K, Kramer G, Eymard JC, et al. Quality of life in patients with metastatic prostate cancer following treatment with cabazitaxel versus abiraterone or enzalutamide (CARD): an analysis of a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 4 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Nov;21(11):1513-25.[Abstract]
330. Berthold DR, Pond GR, Soban F, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer: updated survival in the TAX 327 study. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 10;26(2):242-5.[Abstract]
331. Mateo J, Porta N, Bianchini D, et al. Olaparib in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with DNA repair gene aberrations (TOPARP-B): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Jan;21(1):162-74.[Abstract][Full Text]
332. de Bono J, Mateo J, Fizazi K, et al. Olaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 28;382(22):2091-202.[Abstract][Full Text]
333. Hussain M, Mateo J, Fizazi K, et al. Survival with olaparib in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 10;383(24):2345-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
334. Fizazi K, Piulats JM, Reaume MN, et al. Rucaparib or physician's choice in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023 Feb 23;388(8):719-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
335. Eisenberger M, Hardy-Bessard AC, Kim CS, et al. Phase III Study Comparing a Reduced Dose of Cabazitaxel (20 mg/m(2)) and the Currently Approved Dose (25 mg/m(2)) in Postdocetaxel Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer-PROSELICA. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Oct 1;35(28):3198-3206.[Abstract][Full Text]
336. Romero-Laorden N, Lozano R, Jayaram A, et al. Phase II pilot study of the prednisone to dexamethasone switch in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients with limited progression on abiraterone plus prednisone (SWITCH study). Br J Cancer. 2018 Oct;119(9):1052-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
337. Fenioux C, Louvet C, Charton E, et al. Switch from abiraterone plus prednisone to abiraterone plus dexamethasone at asymptomatic PSA progression in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2019 Feb;123(2):300-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
338. Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 29;363(5):411-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
339. Higano CS, Armstrong AJ, Sartor AO, et al. Real-world outcomes of sipuleucel-T treatment in PROCEED, a prospective registry of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer. 2019 Dec 1;125(23):4172-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
340. Abida W, Patnaik A, Campbell D, et al. Rucaparib in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer harboring a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene alteration. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Nov 10;38(32):3763-72.[Abstract][Full Text]
341. Abida W, Campbell D, Patnaik A, et al. Rucaparib for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer associated with a DNA damage repair gene alteration: final results from the phase 2 TRITON2 study. Eur Urol. 2023 Sep;84(3):321-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
342. Abida W, Campbell D, Patnaik A, et al. Non-BRCA DNA damage repair gene alterations and response to the PARP inhibitor rucaparib in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: analysis from the phase II TRITON2 study. Clin Cancer Res. 2020 Jun 1;26(11):2487-96.[Abstract][Full Text]
343. Clarke N, Wiechno P, Alekseev B, et al. Olaparib combined with abiraterone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Jul;19(7):975-86.[Abstract]
344. Chi KN, Rathkopf D, Smith MR, et al. Niraparib andabiraterone acetate for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Jun 20;41(18):3339-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
345. Chi KN, Sandhu S, Smith MR, et al. Niraparib plus abiraterone acetate with prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and homologous recombination repair gene alterations: second interim analysis of the randomized phase III MAGNITUDE trial. Ann Oncol. 2023 Sep;34(9):772-82.[Abstract][Full Text]
346. Agarwal N, Azad AA, Carles J, et al. Talazoparib plus enzalutamide in men with first-line metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TALAPRO-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Jul 22;402(10398):291-303.[Abstract]
347. Fizazi K, Azad AA, Matsubara N, et al. First-line talazoparib with enzalutamide in HRR-deficient metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: the phase 3 TALAPRO-2 trial. Nat Med. 2024 Jan;30(1):257-64.[Abstract][Full Text]
348. Antonarakis ES, Piulats JM, Gross-Goupil M, et al. Pembrolizumab for treatment-refractory metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: multicohort, open-label phase II KEYNOTE-199 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Feb 10;38(5):395-405.[Abstract][Full Text]
349. Yu EY, Kolinsky MP, Berry WR, et al. Pembrolizumab plus docetaxel and prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: long-term results from the phase 1b/2 KEYNOTE-365 cohort B study. Eur Urol. 2022 Jul;82(1):22-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
350. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA grants accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for first tissue/site agnostic indication. May 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]
351. Marabelle A, Fakih M, Lopez J, et al. Association of tumour mutational burden with outcomes in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with pembrolizumab: prospective biomarker analysis of the multicohort, open-label, phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Oct;21(10):1353-65.[Abstract]
352. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: management of immunotherapy-related toxicities [internet publication].[Full Text]
353. Fizazi K, Gillessen S, ESMO Guidelines Committee. Updated treatment recommendations for prostate cancer from the ESMO clinical practice guideline considering treatment intensification and use of novel systemic agents. Ann Oncol. 2023 Jun;34(6):557-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
354. Garje R, Rumble RB, Parikh RA. Systemic therapy update on 177-lutetium-PSMA-617 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: ASCO rapid recommendation. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Nov 1;40(31):3664-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
355. Sartor O, de Bono J, Chi KN, et al. Lutetium-177-PSMA-617 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 16;385(12):1091-103.[Abstract][Full Text]
356. Garje R, Rumble RB, Parikh RA, et al. Systemic therapy update on (177)Lutetium-PSMA-617 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: ASCO guideline rapid recommendation update. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Nov 6:JCO2302128.[Abstract][Full Text]
357. Tannock IF, Osoba D, Stockler MR, et al. Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jun;14(6):1756-64.[Abstract]
358. Kantoff PW, Halabi S, Conaway M, et al. Hydrocortisone with or without mitoxantrone in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results of the cancer and leukemia group B 9182 study. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Aug;17(8):2506-13.[Abstract][Full Text]
359. Hoskin P, Sartor O, O'Sullivan JM, et al. Efficacy and safety of radium-223 dichloride in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and symptomatic bone metastases, with or without previous docetaxel use: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the randomised, double-blind, phase 3 ALSYMPCA trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Nov;15(12):1397-406.[Abstract]
360. Smith M, Parker C, Saad F, et al. Addition of radium-223 to abiraterone acetate and prednisone or prednisolone in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases (ERA 223): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Mar;20(3):408-19.[Abstract]
361. European Medicines Agency. EMA restricts use of prostate cancer medicine Xofigo. July 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]
362. Alibhai SMH, Zukotynski K, Walker-Dilks C, et al. Bone health and bone-targeted therapies for nonmetastatic prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Sep 5;167(5):341-50.[Abstract]
363. Shapiro CL, Van Poznak C, Lacchetti C, et al. Management of osteoporosis in survivors of adult cancers with nonmetastatic disease: ASCO clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;37(31):2916-46.[Abstract][Full Text]
364. Jakob T, Tesfamariam YM, Macherey S, et al. Bisphosphonates or RANK-ligand-inhibitors for men with prostate cancer and bone metastases: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 3;12(12):CD013020.[Abstract][Full Text]
365. Lipton A, Fizazi K, Stopeck AT, et al. Superiority of denosumab to zoledronic acid for prevention of skeletal-related events: a combined analysis of 3 pivotal, randomised, phase 3 trials. Eur J Cancer. 2012 Nov;48(16):3082-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
366. Poon Y, Pechlivanoglou P, Alibhai SMH, et al. Systematic review and network meta-analysis on the relative efficacy of osteoporotic medications: men with prostate cancer on continuous androgen-deprivation therapy to reduce risk of fragility fractures. BJU Int. 2018 Jan;121(1):17-28.[Abstract]
367. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Denosumab (Xgeva) for advanced malignancies involving bone: study data show new primary malignancies reported more frequently compared to zoledronate. June 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]
368. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA adds boxed warning for increased risk of severe hypocalcemia in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease taking osteoporosis medicine Prolia (denosumab). FDA Drug Safety Communication. Jan 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
369. Labrie F, Dupont A, Belanger A, et al. Flutamide eliminates the risk of disease flare in prostatic cancer patients treated with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. J Urol. 1987 Oct;138(4):804-6.[Abstract]
370. Kuhn JM, Billebaud T, Navratil H, et al. Prevention of the transient adverse effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (buserelin) in metastatic prostatic carcinoma by administration of an antiandrogen (nilutamide). N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 17;321(7):413-8.[Abstract]
371. Bubley GJ. Is the flare phenomenon clinically significant? Urology. 2001 Aug;58(2 suppl 1):5-9.[Abstract]
372. Alcorn S, Cortés ÁA, Bradfield L, et al. External beam radiation therapy for palliation of symptomatic bone metastases: an ASTRO clinical practice guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2024 May 22:S1879-8500(24)00099-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
373. Hartsell WF, Scott CB, Bruner DW, et al. Randomized trial of short- versus long-course radiotherapy for palliation of painful bone metastases. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Jun 1;97(11):798-804.[Abstract][Full Text]
374. Hoskin PJ, Hopkins K, Misra V, et al. Effect of single-fraction vs multifraction radiotherapy on ambulatory status among patients with spinal canal compression from metastatic cancer: the SCORAD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Dec 3;322(21):2084-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
375. Chow E, van der Linden YM, Roos D, et al. Single versus multiple fractions of repeat radiation for painful bone metastases: a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Feb;15(2):164-71.[Abstract][Full Text]
376. Nguyen QN, Chun SG, Chow E, et al. Single-fraction stereotactic vs conventional multifraction radiotherapy for pain relief in patients with predominantly nonspine bone metastases: a randomized phase 2 trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jun 1;5(6):872-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
377. Kroeze SGC, Pavic M, Stellamans K, et al. Metastases-directed stereotactic body radiotherapy in combination with targeted therapy or immunotherapy: systematic review and consensus recommendations by the EORTC-ESTRO OligoCare consortium. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Mar;24(3):e121-32.[Abstract]
378. Royal College of Nursing. Catheter care: guidance for health care professionals. Jul 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
379. Yamada Y, Rogers L, Demanes DJ, et al. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy. 2012 Jan-Feb;11(1):20-32.[Abstract]
380. Aizawa R, Takayama K, Nakamura K, et al. Long-term outcomes of definitive external-beam radiotherapy for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2018 Aug;23(4):749-56.[Abstract]
381. Kaplan AL, Hu JC, Morgentaler A, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2016 May;69(5):894-903.[Abstract][Full Text]
382. Lenfant L, Leon P, Cancel-Tassin G, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and prostate cancer: an updated systematic review with a focus on previous or active localized prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2020 Aug;38(8):661-70.[Abstract]
383. Azzouzi AR, Vincendeau S, Barret E, et al. Padeliporfin vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy versus active surveillance in men with low-risk prostate cancer (CLIN1001 PCM301): an open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Feb;18(2):181-91.[Abstract]
384. Gill IS, Azzouzi AR, Emberton M, et al. Randomized trial of partial gland ablation with vascular targeted phototherapy versus active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer: extended followup and analyses of effectiveness. J Urol. 2018 Oct;200(4):786-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
385. European Medicines Agency. Tookad: padeliporfin. November 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]
386. Fleshner NE, Lucia MS, Egerdie B, et al. Dutasteride in localised prostate cancer management: the REDEEM randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Mar 24;379(9821):1103-11.[Abstract]
387. Kearns JT, Faino AV, Schenk JM, et al. Continued 5alpha-Reductase Inhibitor Use after Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and the Risk of Reclassification and Adverse Pathological Outcomes in the PASS. J Urol. 2019 Jan;201(1):106-111.[Abstract]
388. Clarke NW, Armstrong AJ, Thiery-Vuillemin A, et al. Abiraterone and olaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer NEJM Evid. 2022 Sep;1(9):EVIDoa2200043.[Abstract][Full Text]
389. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Final overall survival (OS) in PROpel: abiraterone (abi) and olaparib (ola) versus abiraterone and placebo (pbo) as first-line (1L) therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). [internet publication].[Full Text]
390. Fizazi K, Faivre L, Lesaunier F, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel and estramustine versus androgen deprivation therapy alone for high-risk localised prostate cancer (GETUG 12): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Jul;16(7):787-94.[Abstract]
391. Oudard S, Latorzeff I, Caty A, et al. Effect of adding docetaxel to androgen-deprivation therapy in patients with high-risk prostate cancer with rising prostate-specific antigen levels after primary local therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019 May 1;5(5):623-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
392. Rosenthal SA, Hu C, Sartor O, et al. Effect of chemotherapy with docetaxel with androgen suppression and radiotherapy for localized high-risk prostate cancer: the randomized phase III NRG oncology RTOG 0521 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2019 May 10;37(14):1159-68.[Abstract][Full Text]
393. Fizazi K, Carmel A. Joly F, et al. Updated results of GETUG-12, a phase III trial of docetaxel-based chemotherapy in high-risk localized prostate cancer, with a 12-year follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29 (Suppl 8):viii271-302.
394. Eastham JA, Auffenberg GB, Barocas DA, et al. Clinically localized prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO guideline: part III - principles of radiation and future directions. J Urol. 2022 Jul;208(1):26-33.[Abstract][Full Text]
395. Ligibel JA, Bohlke K, May AM, et al. Exercise, diet, and weight management during cancer treatment: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Aug 1;40(22):2491-207.[Abstract][Full Text]
396. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: post-treatment follow-up of prostate cancer. 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
397. Kokorovic A, So AI, Serag H, et al. Update: Canadian Urological Association guideline on androgen deprivation therapy: adverse events and management strategies - summary of changes. Can Urol Assoc J. 2022 Aug;16(8):243-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
398. Saad F, Aprikian A, Finelli A, et al. 2022 Canadian Urological Association (CUA)-Canadian Uro Oncology Group (CUOG) guideline: management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). October 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
399. American College of Radiology; American Brachytherapy Society; American Society for Radiation Oncology. ACR-ABS-ASTRO practice parameter for transperineal permanent brachytherapy of prostate cancer. 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
400. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: locally advanced, high-risk prostate cancer. 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
401. Davis BJ, Horwitz EM, Lee WR, et al. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for transrectal ultrasound-guided permanent prostate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy. 2012 Jan-Feb;11(1):6-19.[Abstract]
402. Antonarakis ES, Isaacsson Velho P, Fu W, et al. CDK12-altered prostate cancer: clinical features and therapeutic outcomes to standard systemic therapies, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and PD-1 inhibitors. JCO Precis Oncol. 2020;4:370-81.[Abstract][Full Text]
403. Budäus L, Bolla M, Bossi A, et al. Functional outcomes and complications following radiation therapy for prostate cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol. 2012 Jan;61(1):112-27.[Abstract]
404. Albertsen PC, Hanley JA, Gleason DF, et al. Competing risk analysis of men aged 55 to 74 years at diagnosis managed conservatively for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998 Sep 16;280(11):975-80.[Abstract]
405. Albertsen PC, Hanley JA, Fine J. 20-year outcomes following conservative management of clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2005 May 4;293(17):2095-101.[Abstract][Full Text]
406. Syndikus I, Morgan RC, Sydes MR, et al. Late gastrointestinal toxicity after dose-escalated conformal radiotherapy for early prostate cancer: results from the UK Medical Research Council RT01 trial (ISRCTN47772397). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Jul 1;77(3):773-83.[Abstract][Full Text]
407. Pisansky TM, Pugh SL, Greenberg RE, et al. Tadalafil for prevention of erectile dysfunction after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group [0831] randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 Apr 2;311(13):1300-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
408. Philippou YA, Jung JH, Steggall MJ, et al. Penile rehabilitation for postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 23;(10):CD012414.[Abstract][Full Text]
409. Moinpour CM, Darke AK, Donaldson GW, et al. Longitudinal analysis of sexual function reported by men in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Jul 4;99(13):1025-35.[Abstract][Full Text]
410. Tunio MA, Al-Asiri M, Al-Amro A, et al. Optimal prophylactic and definitive therapy for bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia: results of a meta-analysis. Curr Oncol. 2012 Aug;19(4):e280-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
411. Kunath F, Keck B, Antes G, et al. Tamoxifen for the management of breast events induced by non-steroidal antiandrogens in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012 Aug 28;10:96.[Abstract][Full Text]
412. Abufaraj M, Iwata T, Kimura S, et al. Differential impact of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist versus agonist on clinical safety and oncologic outcomes on patients with metastatic prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Urol. 2021 Jan;79(1):44-53.[Abstract]
413. Irani J, Salomon L, Oba R, et al. Efficacy of venlafaxine, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and cyproterone acetate for the treatment of vasomotor hot flushes in men taking gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for prostate cancer: a double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Feb;11(2):147-54.[Abstract]
414. Kaplan M, Ginex PK, Michaud LB, et al. ONS Guidelines™ for cancer treatment-related hot flashes in women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020 Jul 1;47(4):374-99.[Abstract][Full Text]
415. Nelson CJ, Lee JS, Gamboa MC, et al. Cognitive effects of hormone therapy in men with prostate cancer: a review. Cancer. 2008 Sep 1;113(5):1097-106.[Abstract][Full Text]
416. Jayadevappa R, Chhatre S, Malkowicz SB, et al. Association between androgen deprivation therapy use and diagnosis of dementia in men with prostate cancer. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Jul 3;2(7):e196562.[Abstract][Full Text]
417. Baik SH, Kury FSP, McDonald CJ. Risk of Alzheimer's disease among senior medicare beneficiaries treated with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Oct 20;35(30):3401-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
418. Khosrow-Khavar F, Rej S, Yin H, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy and the risk of dementia in patients with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jan 10;35(2):201-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
419. Nguyen PL, Je Y, Schutz FA, et al. Association of androgen deprivation therapy with cardiovascular death in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2011 Dec 7;306(21):2359-66.[Abstract]
420. Kao HH, Kao LT, Li IH, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy use increases the risk of heart failure in patients with prostate cancer: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Mar;59(3):335-43.[Abstract][Full Text]
421. Jespersen CG, Nørgaard M, Borre M. Androgen-deprivation therapy in treatment of prostate cancer and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: a nationwide Danish population-based cohort study. Eur Urol. 2014 Apr;65(4):704-9.[Abstract]
422. Haque R, UlcickasYood M, Xu X, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk and androgen deprivation therapy in patients with localised prostate cancer: a prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2017 Oct 10;117(8):1233-40.[Abstract]
423. Saylor PJ, Smith MR. Metabolic complications of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2013 Jan;189(1 suppl):S34-42.[Abstract]
424. Bigaran A, Zopf E, Gardner J, et al. The effect of exercise training on cardiometabolic health in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2021 Mar;24(1):35-48.[Abstract]
425. Alfarone A, Panebianco V, Schillaci O, et al. Comparative analysis of multiparametric magnetic resonance and PET-CT in the management of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012 Oct;84(1):109-21.[Abstract][Full Text]
426. D'Amico AV, Kantoff P, Loffredo M, et al. Predictors of mortality after prostate-specific antigen failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul 1;65(3):656-60.[Abstract]
427. Pound CR, Partin AW, Eisenberger MA, et al. Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. JAMA. 1999 May 5;281(17):1591-7.[Abstract][Full Text]