Highlights & Basics
- Testicular cancer most commonly presents as a hard, painless nodule on one testis noticed by the patient or at a regular clinic exam.
- Elevated serum tumor markers can be used for disease diagnosis and aid in monitoring the treatment response.
- Ultrasound of the testis is 90% to 95% accurate in diagnosis.
- Radical orchiectomy to confirm histologic diagnosis is the initial treatment in most cases.
- Infertility can be a complication of surgery.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Images
Ultrasonographic picture of testicular mass as hypoechoic lesion
Metastatic seminoma. Left image: H&E stain low power. Right image placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) stain high power. The H&E image shows nests of malignant cells with clear cytoplasm; the tumour cells are strongly positive for PLAP confirming the diagnosis
Nonseminoma
Longitudinal grey-scale image of the medial right testicle shows a 5.4×5.6 cm intratesticular heterogenous focus with a peripheral hypoechoic rim
Citations
Stephenson A, Bass EB, Bixler BR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of early-stage testicular cancer: AUA guideline amendment 2023. J Urol. 2024 Jan;211(1):20-5. [Full Text]
European Association of Urology. Testicular cancer. 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Oldenburg J, Berney DM, Bokemeyer C, et al. Testicular seminoma and non-seminoma: ESMO-EURACAN clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022 Apr;33(4):362-75.[Abstract][Full Text]
American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: staging and surveillance of testicular cancer. 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Gillessen S, Sauvé N, Collette L, et al. Predicting outcomes in men with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT): results from the IGCCCG update consortium. J Clin Oncol. 2021 May 10;39(14):1563-74.[Abstract][Full Text]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: testicular cancer [internet publication].[Full Text]
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107. Lubberts S, Groot HJ, de Wit R, et al. Cardiovascular disease in testicular cancer survivors: identification of risk factors and impact on quality of life. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Jul 1;41(19):3512-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
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