Colorectal cancer - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the developed world, and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the US.
It is rare below 40 years of age. However, in the past 20 years there has been a significant increase in colorectal cancer incidence among younger adults, especially in developed countries. The rise in early onset disease may be related to changes in diet and resultant effects on gut microbiome and inflammation.
Symptoms are not specific and occur frequently in benign colorectal conditions.
Surgical resection is the main curative treatment.
Combined multi-modality treatment (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, resection of metastases) has greatly reduced local recurrence and increased survival in selected cases.

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Geographic distribution of age-standardized incidence rate of colorectal cancer in 2019
Geographic distribution of age-standardized mortality rate of colorectal cancer in 2019
Geographic distribution of age-standardized DALY (disability-adjusted life years) rate of colorectal cancer in 2019
Age-specific incidence of colorectal cancer in men and women
Cumulative incidence of colorectal cancer by age in subjects with genetic syndromes compared with the general population (FAP = familial adenomatous polyposis, HNPCC = hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer)

Citations

Key Articles

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: colorectal cancer screening [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Colorectal cancer. Dec 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: rectal cancer [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: colon cancer [internet publication].[Full Text]
Sepulveda AR, Hamilton SR, Allegra CJ, et al. Molecular biomarkers for the evaluation of colorectal cancer: guideline from the American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology, and American Society of Clinical Oncology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017 Feb 6;141(5):625-57.[Abstract][Full Text]

Other Online Resources

BMJ: colorectal cancer screening with faecal immunochemical testing, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy: a clinical practice guideline.

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