Acute myeloid leukemia - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a life-threatening hematologic malignancy that predominantly occurs in older adults.
Many subtypes exist; acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) may be associated with life-threatening coagulopathy.
Characteristically, abnormal myeloid blasts are present in the bone marrow (and in some cases the peripheral blood and extramedullary tissue) and normal hematopoiesis is reduced.
Workup includes bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy. Cytogenetic analysis and molecular genetic testing can inform diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
Treatment includes chemotherapy and/or targeted therapies in two main phases: induction and consolidation. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and/or maintenance therapy may be used in select patients.

Peripheral blood film of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia with maturation showing myeloid blasts with an Auer rod

From the collection of Drs K. Raj and P. Mehta; used with patient consent

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Peripheral blood film of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia showing hypergranular promyelocytes with bilobed nuclei and bundles of Auer rods
Peripheral blood film of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia showing hypergranular promyelocytes, some with bundles of Auer rods
Peripheral blood film of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia with maturation showing myeloid blasts with an Auer rod

Citations

Key Articles

Döhner H, Wei AH, Appelbaum FR, et al. Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2022 recommendations from an international expert panel on behalf of the ELN. Blood. 2022 Sep 22;140(12):1345-77.[Abstract][Full Text]
National Cancer Comprehensive Network. NCCN guidelines: acute myeloid leukemia [internet publication].[Full Text]
Heuser M, Ofran Y, Boissel N, et al. Acute myeloid leukaemia in adult patients: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2020 Jun;31(6):697-712.[Abstract][Full Text]
Sanz MA, Fenaux P, Tallman MS, et al. Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: updated recommendations from an expert panel of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2019 Apr 11;133(15):1630-43.[Abstract][Full Text]
Sekeres MA, Guyatt G, Abel G, et al. American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for treating newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in older adults. Blood Adv. 2020 Aug 11;4(15):3528-49.[Abstract][Full Text]

Referenced Articles

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