Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid malignancies.
Clinical history and presenting signs/symptoms depend on the type and location of lymphoma, and disease stage at presentation.
Diagnosis is confirmed by histopathology (e.g., biopsy of lymph node or extranodal sites) and immunophenotyping.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of NHL.
Treatment varies depending on the histologic subtype, location of lymphoma, and disease stage; symptom severity informs decisions about when to start therapy.

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
More information...
Diagnostics Tests
More information...
Treatment Options
More information...

Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Citations

Key Articles

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: B-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: T-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN central nervous system cancers [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: primary cutaneous lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
Eyre TA, Cwynarski K, d'Amore F, et al. Lymphomas: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2025 Nov;36(11):1263-84.[Abstract][Full Text]

Referenced Articles

1. Alaggio R, Amador C, Anagnostopoulos I, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: lymphoid neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022 Jul;36(7):1720-48.[Abstract][Full Text]
2. Campo E, Jaffe ES, Cook JR, et al. The International Consensus Classification of mature lymphoid neoplasms: a report from the Clinical Advisory Committee. Blood. 2022 Sep 15;140(11):1229-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
3. Hingorjo MR, Syed S. Presentation, staging and diagnosis of lymphoma: a clinical perspective. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008 Oct-Dec;20(4):100-3.[Abstract]
4. Wang G, Chang Y, Wu X, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors of primary bone marrow lymphoma. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:2553-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
5. Yu Y, Dong X, Tu M, et al. Primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma. Thorac Cancer. 2021 Nov;12(21):2831-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
6. Savage KJ, Chhanabhai M, Gascoyne RD, et al. Characterization of peripheral T-cell lymphomas in a single North American institution by the WHO classification. Ann Oncol. 2004 Oct;15(10):1467-75.[Abstract][Full Text]
7. Cadranel J, Wislez M, Antoine M. Primary pulmonary lymphoma. Eur Respir J. 2002 Sep;20(3):750-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
8. Kaji D, Ota Y, Sato Y, et al. Primary human herpesvirus 8-negative effusion-based lymphoma: a large B-cell lymphoma with favorable prognosis. Blood Adv. 2020 Sep 22;4(18):4442-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
9. Khdhir M, El Annan T, El Amine MA, et al. Complications of lymphoma in the abdomen and pelvis: clinical and imaging review. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2022 Aug;47(8):2937-55.[Abstract][Full Text]
10. Schaff LR, Grommes C. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Blood. 2022 Sep 1;140(9):971-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
11. Müller A, Dreyling M, Roeder F, et al. Primary bone lymphoma: clinical presentation and therapeutic considerations. J Bone Oncol. 2020 Dec;25:100326.[Abstract][Full Text]
12. Monnard V, Sun A, Epelbaum R, et al. Primary spinal epidural lymphoma: patients' profile, outcome, and prognostic factors: a multicenter Rare Cancer Network study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jul 1;65(3):817-23.[Abstract]
13. Jaffe ES, Ashar BS, Clemens MW, et al. Best practices guideline for the pathologic diagnosis of breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Apr 1;38(10):1102-11.[Abstract][Full Text]
14. Opyrchal M, Figanbaum T, Ghosh A, et al. Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in the setting of B-cell lymphoma. Case Rep Med. 2010;2010:610969.[Abstract][Full Text]
15. Belay Y, Yirdaw K, Enawgaw B. Tumor lysis syndrome in patients with hematological malignancies. J Oncol. 2017;2017:9684909.[Abstract][Full Text]
16. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 2025 [internet publication].[Full Text]
17. Cancer Research UK. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence statistics. Oct 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
18. Vose J, Armitage J, Weisenburger D, et al. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Sep 1;26(25):4124-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
19. Thandra KC, Barsouk A, Saginala K, et al. Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Med Sci (Basel). 2021 Jan 30;9(1):5.[Abstract][Full Text]
20. Teras LR, DeSantis CE, Cerhan JR, et al. 2016 US lymphoid malignancy statistics by World Health Organization subtypes. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016 Nov 12;66(6):443-59.[Abstract][Full Text]
21. Leberfinger AN, Behar BJ, Williams NC, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a systematic review. JAMA Surg. 2017 Dec 1;152(12):1161-8.[Abstract]
22. US Food and Drug Administration. Medical device reports of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Jun 2025 [internet publication].[Full Text]
23. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. BIA-ALCL physician resources. May 2025 [internet publication].[Full Text]
24. Cordeiro PG, Ghione P, Ni A, et al. Risk of breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) in a cohort of 3546 women prospectively followed long term after reconstruction with textured breast implants. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020 May;73(5):841-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
25. Carbone A, Vaccher E, Gloghini A. Hematologic cancers in individuals infected by HIV. Blood. 2022 Feb 17;139(7):995-1012.[Abstract][Full Text]
26. Gopal S, Patel MR, Yanik EL, et al. Temporal trends in presentation and survival for HIV-associated lymphoma in the antiretroviral therapy era. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Aug 21;105(16):1221-9.[Abstract]
27. Tao J, Luo Q, Haas CB, et al. Risk of lymphomas among people with HIV in the United States during 2001-2019. J Natl Cancer Inst. 26 Aug 2025 [Epub ahead of print].[Abstract]
28. Ramaswami R, Chia G, Dalla Pria A, et al. Evolution of HIV-associated lymphoma over 3 decades. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016 Jun 1;72(2):177-83.[Abstract]
29. Thompson MP, Kurzrock R. Epstein-Barr virus and cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Feb 1;10(3):803-21.[Abstract][Full Text]
30. Donzel M, Bonjour M, Combes JD, et al. Lymphomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection in 2020: results from a large, unselected case series in France. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Dec;54:101674.[Abstract][Full Text]
31. Hermine O, Lefrere F, Bronowicki JP, et al. Regression of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 11;347(2):89-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
32. de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM, et al. Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Apr;6(4):451-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
33. Alkrekshi A, Kassem A, Park C, et al. Risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in HCV patients in the United States between 2013 and 2020: a population-based study. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2021 Nov;21(11):e832-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
34. Mehta-Shah N, Ratner L, Horwitz SM. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. J Oncol Pract. 2017 Aug;13(8):487-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
35. Cesarman E, Chadburn A, Rubinstein PG. KSHV/HHV8-mediated hematologic diseases. Blood. 2022 Feb 17;139(7):1013-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
36. Melenotte C, Million M, Audoly G, et al. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma linked to Coxiella burnetii. Blood. 2016 Jan 7;127(1):113-21.[Abstract]
37. Zintzaras E, Voulgarelis M, Moutsopoulos HM. The risk of lymphoma development in autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Nov 14;165(20):2337-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
38. Ekström Smedby K, Vajdic CM, Falster M, et al. Autoimmune disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a pooled analysis within the InterLymph Consortium. Blood. 2008 Apr 15;111(8):4029-38.[Abstract][Full Text]
39. Smedby KE, Hjalgrim H, Askling J, et al. Autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma by subtype. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Jan 4;98(1):51-60.[Abstract]
40. Riaz IB, Faridi W, Patnaik MM, et al. A systematic review on predisposition to lymphoid (B and T cell) neoplasias in patients with primary immunodeficiencies and immune dysregulatory disorders (inborn errors of immunity). Front Immunol. 2019;10:777.[Abstract][Full Text]
41. Yamak B, Hicsonmez G, Ozsoylu S, et al. An infant with Chediak-Higashi syndrome and lymphoma. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1972 May;11(5):277-80.[Abstract]
42. Swerdlow AJ, Schoemaker MJ, Higgins CD, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in men with Klinefelter syndrome: a cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Aug 17;97(16):1204-10.[Abstract]
43. Ji J, Zöller B, Sundquist J, et al. Risk of solid tumors and hematological malignancy in persons with Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a national cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2016 Aug 15;139(4):754-8.[Abstract]
44. Schinasi L, Leon ME. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and occupational exposure to agricultural pesticide chemical groups and active ingredients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Apr 23;11(4):4449-527.[Abstract][Full Text]
45. De Roos AJ, Fritschi L, Ward MH, et al. Herbicide use in farming and other jobs in relation to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) risk. Occup Environ Med. 2022 Dec;79(12):795-806.[Abstract][Full Text]
46. Kachuri L, Beane Freeman LE, Spinelli JJ, et al. Insecticide use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: a subset meta-analysis of the North American Pooled Project. Int J Cancer. 2020 Dec 15;147(12):3370-83.[Abstract][Full Text]
47. Mariette X, Tubach F, Bagheri H, et al. Lymphoma in patients treated with anti-TNF: results of the 3-year prospective French RATIO registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Feb;69(2):400-8.[Abstract]
48. Loch-Wilkinson A, Beath KJ, Knight RJW, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma in Australia and New Zealand: high-surface-area textured implants are associated with increased risk. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Oct;140(4):645-54.[Abstract]
49. Doren EL, Miranda RN, Selber JC, et al. US epidemiology of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 May;139(5):1042-50.[Abstract]
50. de Boer M, van Leeuwen FE, Hauptmann M, et al. Breast implants and the risk of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in the breast. JAMA Oncol. 2018 Mar 1;4(3):335-41.[Abstract][Full Text]
51. Pieper K, Grimbacher B, Eibel H. B-cell biology and development. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Apr;131(4):959-71.[Abstract][Full Text]
52. Shaffer AL 3rd, Young RM, Staudt LM. Pathogenesis of human B cell lymphomas. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:565-610.[Abstract]
53. Grau M, López C, Martín-Subero JI, Beà S. Cytogenomics of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: the "old" meets the "new". Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2023 Dec;36(4):101513.[Abstract][Full Text]
54. Seifert M, Scholtysik R, Küppers R. Origin and pathogenesis of B cell lymphomas. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;971:1-25.[Abstract]
55. Shingleton J, Wang J, Baloh C, et al. Non-hodgkin lymphomas: malignancies arising from mature B cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021 Mar 1;11(3):a034843.[Abstract][Full Text]
56. Van Arnam JS, Lim MS, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ. Novel insights into the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphomas. Blood. 2018 May 24;131(21):2320-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
57. Clayberger C, Krensky AM. T-cell and NK-cell immunity. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Shattil SJ, eds. Hematology: basic principles and practice. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:135-47.
58. Ito Y, Kogure Y, Kataoka K. Biological and clinical relevance of genetic alterations in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. JMA J. 2025 Apr 28;8(2):345-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
59. Scoville SD, Freud AG, Caligiuri MA. Modeling human natural killer cell development in the era of innate lymphoid cells. Front Immunol. 2017;8:360.[Abstract][Full Text]
60. Somasundaram N, Lim JQ, Ong CK, et al. Pathogenesis and biomarkers of natural killer T cell lymphoma (NKTL). J Hematol Oncol. 2019 Mar 15;12(1):28.[Abstract][Full Text]
61. Qi S, Cai Q. Advancing understanding of mature T-cell and natural killer-cell lymphomas. Lancet Haematol. 2025 Oct;12(10):e770-1.[Abstract]
62. Rajagopal A, Thompson CA, Chorzempa AK, et al. Advanced enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL) presenting with severe malabsorption and concomitantly diagnosed coeliac disease (CD). BMJ Case Rep. 2023 Dec 23;16(12):e258265.[Abstract]
63. Santacroce G, Vanoli A, Aronico N, et al. Different survival outcomes of small bowel adenocarcinomas and T-cell lymphomas associated with celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 5 Jun 2025 [Epub ahead of print].[Abstract]
64. Franca RA, Travaglino A, Varricchio S, et al. HIV prevalence in primary central nervous system lymphoma: asystematic review and meta-analysis. Pathol Res Pract. 2020 Nov;216(11):153192.[Abstract][Full Text]
65. Carbone A, Cesarman E, Spina M, et al. HIV-associated lymphomas and gamma-herpesviruses. Blood. 2009 Feb 5;113(6):1213-24.[Abstract][Full Text]
66. Clerico M, Dogliotti I, Aroldi A, et al. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: biology and treatment options. J Clin Med. 2022 Dec 19;11(24):7542.[Abstract][Full Text]
67. Zhou JC, Wu MQ, Peng ZM, et al. Clinical analysis of 20 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and autoimmune hemolytic anemia: A retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Feb;99(7):e19015.[Abstract][Full Text]
68. Piquer Gibert M, Alsina L, Giner Muñoz MT, et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in pediatric patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Aug;174(8):1069-76.[Abstract]
69. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: B-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
70. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: T-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
71. Franco V, Florena AM, Iannitto E. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Blood. 2003 Apr 1;101(7):2464-72.[Abstract][Full Text]
72. Vitiello P, Sica A, Ronchi A, et al. Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas: an update. Front Oncol. 2020;10:651.[Abstract][Full Text]
73. Forkasiewicz A, Dorociak M, Stach K, et al. The usefulness of lactate dehydrogenase measurements in current oncological practice. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2020;25:35.[Abstract][Full Text]
74. Fox CP, Chaganti S, McIlroy G, et al. The management of newly diagnosed large B-cell lymphoma: a British Society for Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2024 Apr;204(4):1178-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
75. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38.[Abstract]
76. Kroft SH, Sever CE, Bagg A, et al. Laboratory workup of lymphoma in adults: guideline from the American Society for Clinical Pathology and the College of American Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2021 Mar 1;145(3):269-90.[Abstract][Full Text]
77. Turton P, El-Sharkawi D, Lyburn I, et al. UK guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma on behalf of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Expert Advisory Group. Br J Haematol. 2021 Feb;192(3):444-58.[Abstract][Full Text]
78. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN central nervous system cancers [internet publication].[Full Text]
79. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: primary cutaneous lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
80. Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, et al. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 20;32(27):3059-68.[Abstract][Full Text]
81. Schaefer NG, Hany TF, Taverna C, et al. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin disease: coregistered FDG PET and CT at staging and restaging--do we need contrast-enhanced CT? Radiology. 2004 Sep;232(3):823-9.[Abstract]
82. Barrington SF, Mikhaeel NG, Kostakoglu L, et al. Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the International Conference on Malignant Lymphomas Imaging Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 20;32(27):3048-58.[Abstract][Full Text]
83. Papajik T, Myslivecek M, Skopalova M, et al. Determining the extent and stage of disease in patients with newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma using 18F-FDG-PET/CT. Neoplasma. 2011;58(4):291-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
84. Broccoli A, Nanni C, Cappelli A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of positron emission tomography/computed tomography-driven biopsy for the diagnosis of lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020 Dec;47(13):3058-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
85. Bodet-Milin C, Kraeber-Bodéré F, Moreau P, et al. Investigation of FDG-PET/CT imaging to guide biopsies in the detection of histological transformation of indolent lymphoma. Haematologica. 2008 Mar;93(3):471-2.[Abstract][Full Text]
86. Noy A, Schöder H, Gönen M, et al. The majority of transformed lymphomas have high standardized uptake values (SUVs) on positron emission tomography (PET) scanning similar to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Ann Oncol. 2009 Mar;20(3):508-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
87. Rajamäki A, Kuitunen H, Sorigue M, et al. FDG-PET/CT-guided rebiopsy may find clinically unsuspicious transformation of follicular lymphoma. Cancer Med. 2023 Jan;12(1):407-11.[Abstract][Full Text]
88. Burggraaff CN, de Jong A, Hoekstra OS, et al. Predictive value of interim positron emission tomography in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019 Jan;46(1):65-79.[Abstract][Full Text]
89. Seifert R, Kersting D, Rischpler C, et al. Interim FDG-PET analysis to identify patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma who benefit from treatment intensification: a post-hoc analysis of the PETAL trial. Leukemia. 2022 Dec;36(12):2845-52.[Abstract][Full Text]
90. Dührsen U, Müller S, Hertenstein B, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided therapy of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas (PETAL): a multicenter, randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jul 10;36(20):2024-34.[Abstract][Full Text]
91. Schmitz C, Rekowski J, Müller SP, et al. Baseline and interim PET-based outcome prediction in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a subgroup analysis of the PETAL trial. Hematol Oncol. 2020 Aug;38(3):244-56.[Abstract][Full Text]
92. Terasawa T, Lau J, Bardet S, et al. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for interim response assessment of advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 10;27(11):1906-14.[Abstract]
93. Ali FS, Nguyen MH, Hernaez R, et al. AGA clinical practice guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation in at-risk individuals. Gastroenterology. 2025 Feb;168(2):267-84.[Abstract]
94. Walewska R, Eyre TA, Barrington S, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of marginal zone lymphomas: A British Society of Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2024 Jan;204(1):86-107.[Abstract][Full Text]
95. Boyle MJ, Swanson CE, Turner JJ, et al. Definition of two distinct types of AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 1990 Dec;76(4):506-12.[Abstract]
96. Atallah-Yunes SA, Murphy DJ, Noy A. HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Aug;7(8):e594-e600.[Abstract]
97. Federico M, Bellei M, Marcheselli L, et al. Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index 2: a new prognostic index for follicular lymphoma developed by the international follicular lymphoma prognostic factor project. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 20;27(27):4555-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
98. Emile JF, Azoulay D, Gornet JM, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the liver with nodular and diffuse infiltration patterns have different prognoses. Ann Oncol. 2001 Jul;12(7):1005-10.[Abstract][Full Text]
99. Boddana PV, Tomson CR, Austen B, et al. A case of lymphoma presenting as splenic infarction. BMJ Case Rep. 20 Apr 2009 [Epub ahead of print].[Abstract][Full Text]
100. Weidenbaum C, Kushwah A, Geromes A, et al. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma presenting as chest pain in a young woman and treated with EPOCH-R. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2022;12(5):54-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
101. Rowbotham D, Wendon J, Williams R. Acute liver failure secondary to hepatic infiltration: a single centre experience of 18 cases. Gut. 1998 Apr;42(4):576-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
102. Zhao D, Wei L, Li L, et al. Atypical presentation of secondary hepatic lymphoma with severe hepatic involvement: a case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025 Jul 18;104(29):e43411.[Abstract][Full Text]
103. Chaudhari D, Khan S, Saleem A, et al. Obstructive jaundice as an initial manifestation of non-hodgkin lymphoma: treatment dilemma and high mortality. Case Rep Med. 2013;2013:259642.[Abstract][Full Text]
104. Silveira LHJ, de Oliveira VS, Pinheiro RF. Breast implant-associated - anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a call for disease awareness. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2023 Jan-Mar;45(1):124-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
105. Fracol ME, Rodriguez MM, Clemens MW. A spectrum of disease: breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, atypicals, and other implant associations. Clin Plast Surg. 2023 Apr;50(2):249-57.[Abstract][Full Text]
106. Tevis SE, Hunt KK, Miranda RN, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a prospective series of 52 patients. Ann Surg. 2022 Jan 1;275(1):e245-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
107. Walewska R, Eyre TA, Barrington S, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of marginal zone lymphomas: a British Society of Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2024 Jan;204(1):86-107.[Abstract][Full Text]
108. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4.[Abstract]
109. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20.[Abstract]
110. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204.[Abstract]
111. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.[Abstract][Full Text]
112. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
113. Fraga M, Forteza J. Diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease: an update on histopathological and immunophenotypical features. Histol Histopathol. 2007 Aug;22(8):923-35.[Abstract]
114. Lister TA, Crowther D, Sutcliffe SB, et al. Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with Hodgkin's disease: Cotswolds meeting. J Clin Oncol. 1989 Nov;7(11):1630-6.[Abstract]
115. The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):987-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
116. Miller TP, Dahlberg S, Cassady JR, et al. Chemotherapy alone compared with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for localized intermediate- and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul 2;339(1):21-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
117. Zhou Z, Sehn LH, Rademaker AW, et al. An enhanced International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated in the rituximab era. Blood. 2014 Feb 6;123(6):837-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
118. Solal-Céligny P, Lepage E, Brousse N, et al. Doxorubicin-containing regimen with or without interferon alfa-2b for advanced follicular lymphomas: final analysis of survival and toxicity in the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes Folliculaires 86 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jul;16(7):2332-8.[Abstract]
119. Solal-Céligny P, Roy P, Colombat P, et al. Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index. Blood. 2004 Sep 1;104(5):1258-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
120. Schmitz N, Zeynalova S, Nickelsen M, et al. CNS International Prognostic Index: a risk model for CNS relapse in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 10;34(26):3150-6.[Abstract]
121. Hoster E, Dreyling M, Klapper W, et al. A new prognostic index (MIPI) for patients with advanced-stage mantle cell lymphoma. Blood. 2008 Jan 15;111(2):558-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
122. Arcaini L, Bommier C, Alderuccio JP, et al. Marginal zone lymphoma international prognostic index: a unifying prognostic index for marginal zone lymphomas requiring systemic treatment. EClinicalMedicine. 2024 Jun;72:102592.[Abstract][Full Text]
123. Olszewski AJ, Jakobsen LH, Collins GP, et al. Burkitt llymphoma International Prognostic Index. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Apr 1;39(10):1129-38.[Abstract][Full Text]
124. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: pediatric aggressive mature B-cell lymphomas [internet publication].[Full Text]
125. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma [internet publication].[Full Text]
126. Eyre TA, Cwynarski K, d'Amore F, et al. Lymphomas: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2025 Nov;36(11):1263-84.[Abstract][Full Text]
127. d'Amore F, Federico M, de Leval L, et al. Peripheral T- and natural killer-cell lymphomas: ESMO-EHA clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2025 Jun;36(6):626-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
128. Hübel K, Bower M, Aurer I, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated lymphomas: EHA-ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2024 Oct;35(10):840-59.[Abstract][Full Text]
129. Ferreri AJM, Illerhaus G, Doorduijn JK, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphomas: EHA-ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Hemasphere. 2024 Jun;8(6):e89.[Abstract][Full Text]
130. Willemze R, Hodak E, Zinzani PL, et al. Primary cutaneous lymphomas: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29(suppl 4):iv30-40.[Abstract][Full Text]
131. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. May 2025 [internet publication].[Full Text]
132. Chaganti S, Fox CP, Maybury BD, et al. Management of relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma: A British Society for Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2025 Jun;206(6):1593-603.[Abstract][Full Text]
133. Eyre TA, Bishton MJ, McCulloch R, et al. Diagnosis and management of mantle cell lymphoma: a British Society for Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2024 Jan;204(1):108-26.[Abstract][Full Text]
134. Cwynarski K, Cummin T, Osborne W, et al. Management of secondary central nervous system lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2023 Jan;200(2):160-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
135. Fox CP, Ahearne MJ, Pettengell R, et al. Guidelines for the management of mature T- and natural killer-cell lymphomas (excluding cutaneous T-cell lymphoma): a British Society for Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2022 Feb;196(3):507-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
136. British Society for Haematology. Guideline on the investigation and management of follicular lymphoma. June 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
137. Fox CP, Phillips EH, Smith J, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Feb;184(3):348-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
138. National Institute for Health and Care and Excellence. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: diagnosis and management. July 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
139. Armitage JO. How I treat patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):29-36.[Abstract][Full Text]
140. Ghose A, Elias HK, Guha G, et al. Influence of rituximab on central nervous system relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and role of prophylaxis--a systematic review of prospective studies. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2015 Aug;15(8):451-7.[Abstract]
141. Eyre TA, Savage KJ, Cheah CY, et al. CNS prophylaxis for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Sep;23(9):e416-e26.[Abstract]
142. Wilson MR, Cwynarski K, Eyre TA, et al. Central nervous system prophylaxis in large B-cell lymphoma: a British Society for Haematology Good Practice Paper. Br J Haematol. 2024 Aug 11.[Abstract][Full Text]
143. Orellana-Noia VM, Reed DR, McCook AA, et al. Single-route CNS prophylaxis for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas: real-world outcomes from 21 US academic institutions. Blood. 2022 Jan 20;139(3):413-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
144. Wilson MR, Eyre TA, Kirkwood AA, et al. Timing of high-dose methotrexate CNS prophylaxis in DLBCL: a multicenter international analysis of 1384 patients. Blood. 2022 Apr 21;139(16):2499-511.[Abstract][Full Text]
145. Sawalha Y, Maddocks K. Novel treatments in B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. BMJ. 2022 Apr 20;377:e063439.[Abstract][Full Text]
146. Sehn LH, Salles G. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 4;384(9):842-58.[Abstract]
147. Santomasso BD, Nastoupil LJ, Adkins S, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Dec 10;39(35):3978-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
148. Risk of secondary T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy. Drug Ther Bull. 2025 Sep 29;63(10):148.[Abstract]
149. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA requires boxed warning for T cell malignancies following treatment with BCMA-directed or CD19-directed autologous chimeric antigen Rreceptor (CAR) T cell Immunotherapies. Apr 2024 [internet publication]. [Full Text]
150. Patel NP, Doukas PG, Gordon LI, et al. Cardiovascular toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy. Curr Oncol Rep. 2021 May 3;23(7):78.[Abstract]
151. Totzeck M, Michel L, Lin Y, et al. Cardiotoxicity from chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy for advanced malignancies. Eur Heart J. 2022 May 21;43(20):1928-40.[Abstract][Full Text]
152. Cook MR, Williams LS, Dorris CS, et al. Improved survival for dose-intensive chemotherapy in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 4,068 patients. Haematologica. 2024 Mar 1;109(3):846-56.[Abstract][Full Text]
153. Morgenstern Y, Aumann S, Goldschmidt N, et al. Dose-adjusted EPOCH-R is not superior to sequential R-CHOP/R-ICE as a frontline treatment for newly diagnosed primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma: results of a bi-center retrospective study. Cancer Med. 2021 Dec;10(24):8866-75.[Abstract][Full Text]
154. Citterio G, Reni M, Gatta G, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2017 May;113:97-110.[Abstract]
155. Ferreri AJM, Calimeri T, Cwynarski K, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023 Jun 15;9(1):29.[Abstract][Full Text]
156. Illerhaus G, Kasenda B, Ihorst G, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: a prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016 Aug;3(8):e388-97.[Abstract]
157. Rubenstein JL, Hsi ED, Johnson JL, et al. Intensive chemotherapy and immunotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: CALGB 50202 (Alliance 50202). J Clin Oncol. 2013 Sep 1;31(25):3061-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
158. Scordo M, Wang TP, Ahn KW, et al. Outcomes associated with thiotepa-based conditioning in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma after autologous hematopoietic cell transplant. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Jul 1;7(7):993-1003.[Abstract][Full Text]
159. Morris PG, Correa DD, Yahalom J, et al. Rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine, and vincristine followed by consolidation reduced-dose whole-brain radiotherapy and cytarabine in newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: final results and long-term outcome. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Nov 1;31(31):3971-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
160. Fenske TS, Wang XV, Till BG, et al.Lack of benefit of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT) in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients (pts) in first complete remission (CR) with undetectable minimal residual disease (uMRD): initial report from the ECOG-ACRIN EA4151 phase 3 randomized trial. Blood, 2024;144:LBA-6.
161. Eskelund CW, Dahl C, Hansen JW, et al. TP53 mutations identify younger mantle cell lymphoma patients who do not benefit from intensive chemoimmunotherapy. Blood. 2017 Oct 26;130(17):1903-10.[Abstract][Full Text]
162. Ferrero S, Rossi D, Rinaldi A, et al. KMT2D mutations and TP53 disruptions are poor prognostic biomarkers in mantle cell lymphoma receiving high-dose therapy: a FIL study. Haematologica. 2020 Jun;105(6):1604-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
163. Howard OM, Gribben JG, Neuber DS, et al. Rituximab and CHOP induction therapy for newly diagnosed mantle-cell lymphoma: molecular complete responses are not predictive of progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Mar 1;20(5):1288-94.[Abstract]
164. Lenz G, Dreyling M, Hoster E, et al. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone significantly improves response and time to treatment failure, but not long-term outcome in patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 20;23(9):1984-92.[Abstract]
165. Khouri IF, Romaguera J, Kantarjian H, et al. Hyper-CVAD and high-dose methotrexate/cytarabine followed by stem-cell transplantation: an active regimen for aggressive mantle-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Dec;16(12):3803-9.[Abstract]
166. Fisher RI, Bernstein SH, Kahl BS, et al. Multicenter phase II study of bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Oct 20;24(30):4867-74.[Abstract]
167. Wang M, Rule S, Zinzani PL, et al. Durable response with single-agent acalabrutinib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia. 2019 Nov;33(11):2762-2766.[Abstract][Full Text]
168. Tam CS, Opat S, Simpson D, et al. Zanubrutinib for the treatment of relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2021 Jun 22;5(12):2577-2585.[Abstract][Full Text]
169. Wang M, Fayad L, Wagner-Bartak N, et al. Lenalidomide in combination with rituximab for patients with relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma: a phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Jul;13(7):716-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
170. Wang ML, Jurczak W, Jerkeman M, et al. Ibrutinib plus bendamustine and rituximab in untreated mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 30;386(26):2482-94.[Abstract][Full Text]
171. Wang M, Munoz J, Goy A, et al. KTE-X19 CAR T-cell therapy in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 2;382(14):1331-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
172. Wang ML, Jurczak W, Zinzani PL, et al. Pirtobrutinib in covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor pretreated mantle-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Aug 20;41(24):3988-97.[Abstract][Full Text]
173. Alduaij W, Jiang A, Villa D, et al. CNS relapse in high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements and dark-zone signature-expressing DLBCL. Blood. 2025 Feb 6;145(6):590-6.[Abstract]
174. Epperla N, Zayac AS, Landsburg DJ, et al. High-grade B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: CNS involvement and outcomes in a multi-institutional series. Blood Adv. 2024 Oct 22;8(20):5355-64.[Abstract][Full Text]
175. Horwitz S, O'Connor OA, Pro B, et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (ECHELON-2): a global, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019 Jan 19;393(10168):229-40.[Abstract]
176. Thieblemont C, Bernard S, Molina T. Management of aggressive lymphoma in very elderly patients. Hematol Oncol. 2017 Jun;35:49-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
177. Mead M, Cederleuf H, Björklund M, et al. Impact of comorbidity in older patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma: an international retrospective analysis of 891 patients. Blood Adv. 2022 Apr 12;6(7):2120-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
178. Jantunen E, Boumendil A, Finel H, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective study by the EBMT. Blood. 2013 Mar 28;121(13):2529-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
179. d'Amore F, Relander T, Lauritzsen GF, et al. Up-front autologous stem-cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: NLG-T-01. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 1;30(25):3093-9.[Abstract]
180. Zhai Y, Wang J, Jiang Y, et al. The efficiency of autologous stem cell transplantation as the first-line treatment for nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Hematol. 2022 Mar;15(3):265-72.[Abstract]
181. Park SI, Horwitz SM, Foss FM, et al. The role of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with nodal peripheral T-cell lymphomas in first complete remission: report from COMPLETE, a prospective, multicenter cohort study. Cancer. 2019 May 1;125(9):1507-17.[Abstract][Full Text]
182. Fossard G, Broussais F, Coelho I, et al. Role of up-front autologous stem-cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma for patients in response after induction: an analysis of patients from LYSA centers. Ann Oncol. 2018 Mar 1;29(3):715-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
183. Rummel MJ, Niederle N, Maschmeyer G, et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013 Apr 6;381(9873):1203-10.[Abstract]
184. Flinn IW, van der Jagt R, Kahl B, et al. First-line treatment of patients with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma or mantle-cell lymphoma with bendamustine plus rituximab versus R-CHOP or R-CVP: results of the BRIGHT 5-year follow-up study. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Apr 20;37(12):984-91.[Abstract][Full Text]
185. Morschhauser F, Fowler NH, Feugier P, et al. Rituximab plus lenalidomide in advanced untreated follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Sep 6;379(10):934-47.[Abstract][Full Text]
186. Marcus R, Davies A, Ando K, et al. Obinutuzumab for the first-line treatment of follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 5;377(14):1331-44.[Abstract]
187. Cassanello G, Drill E, Qiu A, et al. Treatment outcomes and CNS relapse risk in patients with primary cutaneous DLBCL, leg-type in the rituximab era. Blood Cancer J. 2025 Aug 29;15(1):150.[Abstract][Full Text]
188. Clemens MW, Medeiros LJ, Butler CE, et al. Complete surgical excision is essential for the management of patients with breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jan 10;34(2):160-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
189. Longo B, Di Napoli A, Curigliano G, et al. Clinical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment according to current updated knowledge on BIA-ALCL. Breast. 2022 Dec;66:332-41.[Abstract][Full Text]
190. The Plastic Surgery Foundation. PROFILE registry. [internet publication].[Full Text]
191. Repetto L, Biganzoli L, Koehne CH, et al. EORTC Cancer in the Elderly Task Force guidelines for the use of colony-stimulating factors in elderly patients with cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2003 Nov;39(16):2264-72.[Abstract]
192. Smith TJ, Bohlke K, Lyman GH, et al. Recommendations for the use of WBC growth factors: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Oct 1;33(28):3199-212.[Abstract]
193. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic growth factors [internet publication].[Full Text]
194. Armitage JO. Treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1993 Apr 8;328(14):1023-30.[Abstract]
195. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: prevention and treatment of cancer-related infections [internet publication].[Full Text]
196. Hensley ML, Schuchter LM, Lindley C, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protectants. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Oct;17(10):3333-55.[Abstract]
197. Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 24;346(4):235-42.[Abstract][Full Text]
198. Wang ML, Rule S, Martin P, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 8;369(6):507-16.[Abstract][Full Text]
199. Lee DH, Hawk F, Seok K, et al. Association between ibrutinib treatment and hypertension. Heart. 2022 Mar;108(6):445-50.[Abstract]
200. Dickerson T, Wiczer T, Waller A, et al. Hypertension and incident cardiovascular events following ibrutinib initiation. Blood. 2019 Nov 28;134(22):1919-28.[Abstract][Full Text]
201. Wang ML, Blum KA, Martin P, et al. Long-term follow-up of MCL patients treated with single-agent ibrutinib: updated safety and efficacy results. Blood. 2015 Aug 6;126(6):739-45.[Abstract][Full Text]
202. Tang CPS, Lip GYH, McCormack T, et al. Management of cardiovascular complications of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Br J Haematol. 2022 Jan;196(1):70-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
203. Boulanger E, Gérard L, Gabarre J, et al. Prognostic factors and outcome of human herpesvirus 8-associated primary effusion lymphoma in patients with AIDS. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 1;23(19):4372-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
204. Kim TM, Taszner M, Novelli S, et al. Safety and efficacy of odronextamab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2024 Nov;35(11):1039-47.[Abstract][Full Text]
205. Kim WS, Kim TM, Cho SG, et al. Odronextamab monotherapy in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma: primary efficacy and safety analysis in phase 2 ELM-2 trial. Nat Cancer. 2025 Mar;6(3):528-39.[Abstract][Full Text]
206. Goebeler ME, Knop S, Viardot A, et al. Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody construct blinatumomab for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final results from a phase I study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Apr 1;34(10):1104-11.[Abstract][Full Text]
207. Viardot A, Goebeler ME, Hess G, et al. Phase 2 study of the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody blinatumomab in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2016 Mar 17;127(11):1410-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
208. Viardot A, Hess G, Bargou RC, et al. Durability of complete response after blinatumomab therapy for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2020 Nov;61(11):2767-70.[Abstract][Full Text]
209. Coyle L, Morley NJ, Rambaldi A, et al. Open-Label, phase 2 study of blinatumomab as second salvage therapy in adults with relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2020 Sep;61(9):2103-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
210. Katz DA, Morris JD, Chu MP, et al. Open-label, phase 2 study of blinatumomab after frontline R-chemotherapy in adults with newly diagnosed, high-risk DLBCL. Leuk Lymphoma. 2022 Sep;63(9):2063-73.[Abstract][Full Text]
211. Ghobadi A, Foley NC, Cohen J, et al. Blinatumomab consolidation post-autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2024 Feb 13;8(3):513-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
212. Ji J, Liu Z, Kuang P, et al. A new conditioning regimen with chidamide, cladribine, gemcitabine and busulfan significantly improve the outcome of high-risk or relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Int J Cancer. 2021 Dec 15;149(12):2075-82.[Abstract][Full Text]
213. ClinicalTrials.gov. APG-1252 monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic agent in subjects with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Jan 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
214. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) [internet publiction].[Full Text]
215. Haanen J, Obeid M, Spain L, et al. Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022 Dec;33(12):1217-38.[Abstract][Full Text]
216. Couderc B, Dujols JP, Mokhtari F, et al. The management of adult aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2000 Jul;35(1):33-48.[Abstract]
217. Smith SM, Salles G. Indolent lymphomas: introduction to a series highlighting progress and ongoing challenges. Haematologica. 2022 Jan 1;107(1):4-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
218. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: NHL - diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) [internet publication].[Full Text]
219. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: NHL - follicular lymphoma [internet publication].[Full Text]
220. Ferreri AJ, Abrey LE, Blay J-Y, et al. Management of primary central nervous system lymphoma: a summary statement from the 8th International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jun 15;21(12):2407-14.[Abstract]
221. Simonelli C, Spina M, Cinelli R, et al. Clinical features and outcome of primary effusion lymphoma in HIV-infected patients: a single-institution study. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Nov 1;21(21):3948-54.[Abstract]
222. Mburu W, Devesa SS, Check D, et al. Incidence of Burkitt lymphoma in the United States during 2000 to 2019. Int J Cancer. 2023 Sep 15;153(6):1182-91.[Abstract][Full Text]
223. Arora R, Lefante J, Saba NS. Updated trends in incidence and survival of mantle cell lymphoma from 2000 to 2020. Blood. 2023;142:5160.[Full Text]
224. Parrilla Castellar ER, Jaffe ES, Said JW, et al. ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a genetically heterogeneous disease with widely disparate clinical outcomes. Blood. 2014 Aug 28;124(9):1473-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
225. Ali H, Bajwa S, Narra SA, et al. ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma: statistics and survival trends. J Clin Oncol. 2025;43:7078.[Full Text]
226. Miranda RN, Aladily TN, Prince HM, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: long-term follow-up of 60 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Jan 10;32(2):114-20.[Abstract][Full Text]
227. Ferrufino-Schmidt MC, Medeiros LJ, Liu H, et al. Clinicopathologic features and prognostic impact of lymph node involvement in patients with breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2018 Mar;42(3):293-305.[Abstract][Full Text]
228. Li J, Wu Z, Zhao N. Individual patient data meta-analysis from 16 trials for safety factors in cytokine release syndrome after CAR-T therapy in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Adv Ther. 2019 Oct;36(10):2881-94.[Abstract]