Alzheimer disease - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a global, nonreversible impairment in cerebral functioning.
AD is characterized by memory loss, loss of social and occupational functioning, diminished executive function, speech and motor deficits, personality change, and behavioral and psychological disturbance.
It has a deteriorating course over up to 8-10 years.
Brain lesions are marked by neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, neuronal loss, and brain atrophy, with defects in acetylcholine synthesis at the cellular level.
Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach with increasing emphasis on behavioral and psychological symptoms.

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Citations

Key Articles

GBD 2016 Dementia Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Jan;18(1):88-106.[Abstract][Full Text]
Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020 Aug 8;396(10248):413-46.[Abstract][Full Text]
Fink HA, Linskens EJ, Silverman PC, et al. Accuracy of biomarker testing for neuropathologically defined Alzheimer disease in older adults with dementia. Ann Intern Med. 2020 May 19;172(10):669-77.[Abstract]
O'Brien JT, Holmes C, Jones M, et al. Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2017 Feb;31(2):147-68.[Abstract][Full Text]
Birks JS, Harvey RJ. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 18;(6):CD001190.[Abstract][Full Text]
Birks JS, Chong LY, Grimley Evans J. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 22;(9):CD001191.[Abstract][Full Text]
McShane R, Westby MJ, Roberts E, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 20;(3):CD003154.[Abstract][Full Text]

Other Online Resources

BMJ talk medicine podcast: Alzheimer's dementia
Alzheimer's Association: 10 early signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's
Saint Louis University School of Medicine: SLUMS Examination
Alzheimer's Association: Mini-Cog(TM)
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Alzheimer's Association
National Institute on Aging: about Alzheimer's disease - caregiving
MedlinePlus: Alzheimer's caregivers
Family Caregiver Alliance resource center
Alzheimer's Society: assistive technology
Alzheimer's Association: end-of-life planning

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