Toxic shock syndrome - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an exotoxin-mediated illness caused by bacterial infection, most commonly group A streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus.
Presenting signs and symptoms can be nonspecific, but the course of the disease is precipitous and toxicity occurs early, resulting in serious life-threatening disease and multiorgan system failure.
Early diagnosis and treatment is essential.
Streptococcal TSS can occur with infection at any site but is more commonly associated with an infected cutaneous site.
Staphylococcal TSS (menstrual or nonmenstrual) is associated with extended tampon use, postpartum infections, and other sites of infection with the organism.

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History & Exam
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Subtle desquamation of the finger tips of the left hand caused by toxic shock syndrome
Patient with facial erythematous rash due to toxic shock syndrome
Rash and subcutaneous edema of the right hand due to toxic shock syndrome
Patient displaying a morbilliform rash (resembling measles) resulting from toxic shock syndrome, 3 to 5 days after onset
Marked desquamation of the left palm due to toxic shock syndrome, which develops late in the disease
Subtle desquamation of the finger tips of the left hand caused by toxic shock syndrome

Citations

Key Articles

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS): 2010 case definition. 2010 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.[Abstract][Full Text]
Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:e10-e52.[Abstract][Full Text]
Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13:58.[Abstract][Full Text]

Referenced Articles

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