Highlights & Basics
- Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the most commonly prescribed medications for anxiety, sedation, and sleep. Overdose can be intentional in suicidal patients; accidental in combination with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, such as alcohol and opioids, and in older people; and occasionally by medication error. Older people, who commonly have diminished drug clearance and polypharmacy, are at especially high risk of overdose.
- The key feature is excessive sedation with unremarkable vital signs and anterograde amnesia. Larger doses can cause coma and respiratory depression.
- Treatment of overdose is by symptom management, not by quantitative assay. Acute management consists of maintaining airway, respiration, and hemodynamic support while excluding other diagnoses. Assisted ventilation may be necessary.
- Death is uncommon. Most deaths from BZD overdose are from respiratory depression as a result of mixed overdoses with BZD and other respiratory depressants, particularly alcohol and opioids.
- The BZD antagonist flumazenil can be effective in select patients with respiratory depression or respiratory arrest caused by pure BZD poisoning who do not have contraindications to flumazenil. Flumazenil can induce seizures and is contraindicated in BZD-dependent patients, those who have a history of seizures or those who take tricyclic antidepressants. The risks associated with its use often outweigh the benefits.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
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