Acute respiratory distress syndrome - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with dyspnea and hypoxemia, which progress to acute respiratory failure.
Common causes are pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration, and severe trauma.
Mortality is between 30% and 50%.
Low tidal volume, plateau-pressure-limited mechanical ventilation is the primary treatment that has been shown to reduce mortality. In severe ARDS, neuromuscular blockade, prone positioning, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may improve clinical outcomes.
Complications include pneumothorax, ventilator-associated pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged respiratory failure.

Chest x-ray image of bilateral infiltrates in a patient with ARDS

From the personal collection of Dr Lorraine Ware; used with permission

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Definition

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Chest x-ray image of bilateral infiltrates in a patient with ARDS

Citations

Key Articles

Matthay MA, Arabi Y, Arroliga AC, et al. A new global definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024 Jan 1;209(1):37-47.[Abstract][Full Text]
Bos LDJ, Ware LB. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: causes, pathophysiology, and phenotypes. Lancet. 2022 Oct 1;400(10358):1145-56.[Abstract][Full Text]
Janz DR, Ware LB. Approach to the patient with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest Med. 2014 Dec;35(4):685-96.[Abstract][Full Text]
Qadir N, Sahetya S, Munshi L, et al. An update on management of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024 Jan 1;209(1):24-36.[Abstract][Full Text]

Other Online Resources

BMJ: a living WHO guideline on drugs for Covid-19

Referenced Articles

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