Autism spectrum disorders - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that is being viewed increasingly as an example of neurologic and cognitive variation among people. It is clinically very heterogeneous. It is associated with disabilities and everyday challenges, but may also be associated with cognitive strengths and talents.
Children and adults with ASD have social communication and interaction difficulties and show restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.
Social communication impairments and ASD behaviors are present during early childhood, but may only become manifest later (e.g., due to increasing impairment).
ASD is a genetic disorder of brain development, but nongenetic factors are also likely to contribute to the phenotype and its heterogeneity.
The aims of treatment are to maximize functional independence and quality of life, and to minimize distress by supporting learning, social communication, and cognitive skills, and by managing any co-occurring physical or mental health problems.

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
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Diagnostics Tests
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Treatment Options
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Citations

Key Articles

Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT. Autism. Lancet. 2009 Nov 7;374(9701):1627-38.[Abstract][Full Text]
Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, et al. Prevalence of disorders of the autistic spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet. 2006 Jul 15;368(9531):210-5.[Abstract]
Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM, et al. Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan;145(1):e20193447.[Abstract][Full Text]
Anagnostou E, Zwaigenbaum L, Szatmari P, et al. Autism spectrum disorder: advances in evidence-based practice. CMAJ. 2014 Apr 15;186(7):509-19.[Abstract]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Autism spectrum disorder in adults: diagnosis and management. June 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Baird G, Cass H, Slonims V. Diagnosis of autism. BMJ. 2003 Aug 30;327(7413):488-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
Le Couteur A, Haden G, Hammal D, et al. Diagnosing autistic spectrum disorders in pre-school children using two standardised assessment instruments: the ADI-R and the ADOS. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008 Feb;38(2):362-72. [Abstract]
Parr J. Autism. BMJ Clin Evid. 2010 Jan 7;2010:0322.[Full Text]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Autism spectrum disorder in under 19s: support and management. June 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
NHS England: STOMP and STAMP
National Autistic Society
Autism Society of America
Autism Speaks
Autism Speaks: sleep strategies for children with autism
US Department of Education: IDEA
CDC: Learn the signs. Act early
Autism Navigator
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: autism fact sheet
CDC: autism spectrum disorder
National Autistic Society: research
CDC: studies on vaccines and autism spectrum disorders

Referenced Articles

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