Highlights & Basics
- Narcolepsy is a chronic condition characterized by a disruption of the sleep-wake cycle and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep intrusion.
- The classic tetrad of narcolepsy, includes excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations.
- The only clinical manifestation that is specific to narcolepsy is cataplexy.
- Disease onset is usually in the second decade of life.
- Multiple sleep latency test usually shows shortened sleep latency and at least 2 sleep-onset REM periods.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM International classification of sleep disorders - third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR). Jun 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Smith MT, McCrae CS, Cheung J, et al. Use of actigraphy for the evaluation of sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Jul 15;14(7):1231-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Sep 1;17(9):1881-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
Bassetti CLA, Kallweit U, Vignatelli L, et al. European guideline and expert statements on the management of narcolepsy in adults and children. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Sep;28(9):2815-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Sep 1;17(9):1895-945.[Abstract][Full Text]
1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM International classification of sleep disorders - third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR). Jun 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.
3. Berry BR, Gilmore RL. Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. In: Carney PR, Berry RB, Geyer JD, eds. Clinical sleep disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincot Williams and Wilkins; 2005.
4. Rosen GM, Bendel AE, Neglia JP, et al. Sleep in children with neoplasms of the central nervous system: case review of 14 children. Pediatrics. 2003 Jul;112(1 Pt 1):e46-54.[Abstract]
5. Guilleminault C, Fromherz S. Narcolepsy: diagnosis and management. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.
6. Marcus CL, Trescher WH, Halbower AC, et al. Secondary narcolepsy in children with brain tumors. Sleep. 2002 Jun 15;25(4):435-9.[Abstract]
7. Spruyt K. Narcolepsy presentation in diverse populations: an update. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2020;6(4):239-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
8. Zeman A, Britton T, Douglas N, et al. Narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness. BMJ. 2004 Sep 25;329(7468):724-8.[Abstract]
9. Acquavella J, Mehra R, Bron M, et al. Prevalence of narcolepsy and other sleep disorders and frequency of diagnostic tests from 2013-2016 in insured patients actively seeking care. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020 Aug 15;16(8):1255-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
10. Tió E, Gaig C, Giner-Soriano M, et al. The prevalence of narcolepsy in Catalunya (Spain). J Sleep Res. 2018 Oct;27(5):e12640.[Abstract]
11. Müller S, Brandes A, Knierim J, et al. Epidemiology, diagnostics, and treatment of narcolepsy in Germany: the DORMIO study. J Sleep Med 2021 Aug 31;18(2):88-99.[Full Text]
12. Wang Y, Chen Y, Tong Y, et al. Heterogeneity in estimates of incidence and prevalence of narcolepsy: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2022;56(5):319-32.[Abstract][Full Text]
13. Hublin C, Partinen M, Kaprio J, et al. Epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep. 1994 Dec;17(suppl 8):S7-12.[Abstract]
14. Silber MH, Krahn LE, Olson EJ, et al. The epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota: a population-based study. Sleep. 2002 Mar 15;25(2):197-202.[Abstract]
15. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, et al. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. Neurology. 2002 Jun 25;58(12):1826-33.[Abstract]
16. Okun ML, Lin L, Pelin Z, et al. Clinical aspects of narcolepsy-cataplexy across ethnic groups. Sleep. 2002 Feb 1;25(1):27-35.[Abstract]
17. Ebrahim IO, Peacock KW, Williams AJ. Posttraumatic narcolepsy - two case reports and a mini review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005 Apr 15;(2)1:153-6.[Abstract]
18. Silber MH. Narcolepsy, head injury, and the problem of causality. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005 Apr 15;1(2):157-8.[Abstract]
19. Bruck D, Broughton RJ. Diagnostic ambiguities in a case of post-traumatic narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain Inj. 2004 Mar;18(3):321-6.[Abstract]
20. Scammell TE, Nishino S, Mignot E, et al. Narcolepsy and low CSF orexin (hypocretin) concentration after a diencephalic stroke. Neurology. 2001 Jun 26;56(12):1751-3.[Abstract]
21. Bjornstad B, Goodman SH, Sirven JI, et al. Paroxysmal sleep as a presenting symptom of bilateral paramedian thalamic infarctions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Mar;78(3):347-9.[Abstract]
22. Rosenfeld MR, Eichen JG, Wade DF, et al. Molecular and clinical diversity in paraneoplastic immunity to Ma proteins. Ann Neurol. 2001 Sep;50(3):339-48.[Abstract]
23. Schwartz WJ, Stakes JW, Hobson JA. Transient cataplexy after removal of a craniopharyngioma. Neurology. 1984 Oct;34(10):1372-5.[Abstract]
24. Aldrich MS, Naylor MW. Narcolepsy associated with lesions of the diencephalon. Neurology. 1989 Nov;39(11):1505-8.[Abstract]
25. Arii J, Kanbayashi T, Tanabe Y, et al. A hypersomnolent girl with decreased CSF hypocretin level after removal of a hypothalamic tumor. Neurology. 2001 Jun 26;56(12):1775-6.[Abstract]
26. Malik S, Boeve BF, Krahn LE, et al. Narcolepsy associated with other central nervous system disorders. Neurology. 2001 Aug 14;57(3):539-41.[Abstract]
27. Gledhill RF, Bartel PR, Yoshida Y, et al. Narcolepsy caused by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Arch Neurol. 2004 May;61(5):758-60.[Abstract][Full Text]
28. Rubinstein I, Gray TA, Moldofsky H, et al. Neurosarcoidosis associated with hypersomnolence treated with corticosteroids and brain irradiation. Chest. 1988 July;94(1):205-6.[Abstract]
29. Servan J, Marchand F, Garma L, et al. Narcolepsy disclosing neurosarcoidosis [in French]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1995 Apr;151(4):281-3.[Abstract]
30. Clavelou P, Tournilhac M, Vidal C, et al. Narcolepsy associated with arteriovenous malformation of the diencephalon. Sleep. 1995 Apr;18(3):202-5.[Abstract]
31. Fleming WE, Pollak CP. Sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol. 2005 Mar;25(1):64-8.[Abstract]
32. Dalmau J, Graus F, Villarejo A, et al. Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain. 2004 Aug;127(pt 8):1831-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
33. Landolfi JC, Nadkarni M. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and possible narcolepsy in a patient with testicular cancer: case study. Neuro Oncol. 2003 Jul;5(3):214-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
34. Overeem S, Dalmau J, Bataller L, et al. Hypocretin-1 CSF levels in anti-Ma2 associated encephalitis. Neurology. 2004 Jan 13;62(1):138-40.[Abstract]
35. Kandt RS, Emerson RG, Singer HS, et al. Cataplexy in variant forms of Niemann-Pick disease. Ann Neurol. 1982 Sept;12(3):284-8.[Abstract]
36. Vankova J, Stepanova I, Jech R, et al. Sleep disturbances and hypocretin deficiency in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Sleep. 2003 Jun 15;26(4):427-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
37. Vossler DG, Wyler AR, Wilkus RJ, et al. Cataplexy and monoamine oxidase deficiency in Norrie disease. Neurology. 1996 May;46(5):1258-61.[Abstract]
38. Manni R, Politini L, Nobili L, et al. Hypersomnia in the Prader Willi syndrome: clinical-electrophysiological features and underlying factors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 May;112(5):800-5.[Abstract]
39. Hayduk R, Flodman P, Spence MA, et al. HLA haplotypes, polysomnography, and pedigrees in a case series of patients with narcolepsy. Sleep. 1997 Oct;20(10):850-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
40. Taheri S, Mignot E. The genetics of sleep disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2002 Aug;1(4):242-50.[Abstract]
41. Tisdale RK, Yamanaka A, Kilduff TS. Animal models of narcolepsy and the hypocretin/orexin system: past, present, and future. Sleep. 2021 Jun 11;44(6):zsaa278.[Abstract][Full Text]
42. Thannickal TC, Nienhuis R, Siegel JM. Localized loss of hypocretin (orexin) cells in narcolepsy without cataplexy. Sleep. 2009 Aug;32(8):993-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
43. Cvetkovic-Lopes V, Bayer L, Dorsaz S, et al. Elevated Tribbles homolog 2-specific antibody levels in narcolepsy patients. J Clin Invest. 2010 Mar;120(3):713-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
44. Kawashima M, Lin L, Tanaka S, et al. Anti-Tribbles homolog 2 (TRIB2) autoantibodies in narcolepsy are associated with recent onset of cataplexy. Sleep. 2010 Jul;33(7):869-74.[Abstract][Full Text]
45. Lim AS, Scammell TE. The trouble with Tribbles: do antibodies against TRIB2 cause narcolepsy? Sleep. 2010 Jul;33(7):857-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
46. Toyoda H, Tanaka S, Miyagawa T, et al. Anti-Tribbles homolog 2 autoantibodies in Japanese patients with narcolepsy. Sleep. 2010 Jul;33(7):875-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
47. Aran A, Lin L, Nevsimalova S, et al. Elevated anti-streptococcal antibodies in patients with recent narcolepsy onset. Sleep. 2009 Aug;32(8):979-83.[Abstract]
48. Longstreth WT Jr, Ton TG, Koepsell TD. Narcolepsy and streptococcal infections. Sleep. 2009 Dec;32(12):1548.[Abstract]
49. Okun ML, Giese S, Lin L, et al. Exploring the cytokine and endocrine involvement in narcolepsy. Brain Behav Immun. 2004 Jul;18(4):326-32.[Abstract]
50. Hohjoh H, Nakayama T, Ohashi J, et al. Significant association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter with human narcolepsy. Tissue Antigens. 1999 Aug;54(2):138-45.[Abstract]
51. Himmerich H, Beitinger PA, Fulda S, et al. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in patients with narcolepsy. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Sep 18;166(16):1739-43.[Abstract][Full Text]
52. Hohjoh H, Terada N, Kawashima M, et al. Significant association of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) gene with human narcolepsy. Tissue Antigens. 2000 Nov;56(5):446-8.[Abstract]
53. Dauvilliers Y, Carlander B, Rivier F, et al. Successful management of cataplexy with intravenous immunoglobulins at narcolepsy onset. Ann Neurol. 2004 Dec;56(6):905-8.[Abstract]
54. Dauvilliers Y, Abril B, Mas E, et al. Normalization of hypocretin-1 in narcolepsy after intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Neurology. 2009 Oct 26;73(16):1333-4.[Abstract]
55. Hallmayer J, Faraco J, Lin L, et al. Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the T-cell receptor alpha locus. Nat Genet. 2009 Jun;41(6):708-11.[Abstract]
56. Kornum BR, Kawashima M, Faraco J, et al. Common variants in P2RY11 are associated with narcolepsy. Nat Genet. 2011 Jan;43(1):66-71.[Abstract][Full Text]
57. Han F, Faraco J, Dong XS, et al. Genome wide analysis of narcolepsy in China implicates novel immune loci and reveals changes in association prior to versus after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. PLoS Genet. 2013 Oct;9(10):e1003880.[Abstract][Full Text]
58. Nakayama J, Miura M, Honda M, et al. Linkage of human narcolepsy with HLA association to chromosome 4p13-q21. Genomics. 2000 Apr 1;65(1):84-6.[Abstract]
59. Miyagawa T, Hohjoh H, Honda Y, et al. Identification of a telomeric boundary of the HLA region with potential for predisposition to human narcolepsy. Immunogenetics. 2000 Nov;52(1-2):12-8.[Abstract]
60. Dauvilliers Y, Blouin JL, Neidhart E, et al. A narcolepsy susceptibility locus maps to a 5 Mb region of chromosome 21q. Ann Neurol. 2004 Sep;56(3):382-8.[Abstract]
61. Guilleminault C, Heinzer R, Mignot E, et al. Investigations into the neurologic basis of narcolepsy. Neurology. 1998 Feb;50(2 suppl 1):S8-15.[Abstract]
62. Faull KF, Thiemann S, King RJ, et al. Monoamine interactions in narcolepsy and hypersomnia: reanalysis. Sleep. 1989 Apr;12(2):185-6.[Abstract]
63. Faull KF, Barchas JD, Foutz AS, et al. Monoamine metabolite concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal and narcoleptic dogs. Brain Res. 1982 Jun 17;242(1):137-43.[Abstract]
64. Aldrich MS, Hollingsworth Z, Penney JB. Dopamine-receptor autoradiography of human narcoleptic brain. Neurology. 1992 Feb;42(2):410-5.[Abstract]
65. Nishino S, Sakurai E, Nevsimalova S, et al. Decreased CSF histamine in narcolepsy with and without low CSF hypocretin-1 in comparison to healthy controls. Sleep. 2009 Feb;32(2):175-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
66. Kanbayashi T, Kodama T, Kondo H, et al. CSF histamine contents in narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 2009 Feb;32(2):181-7.[Abstract]
67. Fronczek R, Lammers GJ, Balesar R, et al. The number of hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin) neurons is not affected in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5466-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
68. Schüle B, Albalwi M, Northrop E, et al. Molecular breakpoint cloning and gene expression studies of a novel translocation t(4;15)(q27;q11.2) associated with Prader-Willi syndrome. BMC Med Genet. 2005 May 6;6:18.[Abstract][Full Text]
69. Richdale AL, Cotton S, Hibbit K. Sleep and behaviour disturbance in Prader-Willi syndrome: a questionnaire study. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1999 Oct;43(pt 5):380-92.[Abstract]
70. Smit LS, Lammers GJ, Catsman-Berrevoets CE. Cataplexy leading to the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Pediatr Neurol. 2006 Jul;35(1):82-4.[Abstract]
71. Miyake S, Inoue H, Ohtahara S, et al. A case of Niemann-Pick disease type C with narcolepsy syndrome [in Japanese]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1983 Jan;23(1):44-52.[Abstract]
72. Iwata T, Suzuki N, Mizuno H, et al. A marked decrease of orexin in the cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with myotonic dystrophy type 1 showing an excessive daytime sleepiness. [in Japanese]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2009 Jul;49(7):437-9.[Abstract]
73. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991 Dec;14(6):540-5.[Abstract]
74. Johns MW. Reliability and factor analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1992 Aug;15(4):376-81.[Abstract]
75. Chasens ER, Williams LL, Umlauf MG. Excessive sleepiness. In: Capezuti E, Zwicker D, Mezey M, et al, eds. Evidence-based geriatric nursing protocols for best practice. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2009:459-76.
76. Broughton R, Dunham W, Newman J, et al. Ambulatory 24 hour sleep-wake monitoring in narcolepsy-cataplexy compared to matched controls. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1988 Dec;70(6):473-81.[Abstract]
77. Dantz B, Edgar DM, Dement WC. Circadian rhythms in narcolepsy: studies on a 90 minute day. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994 Jan;90(1):24-35.[Abstract]
78. Guilleminault C, Gelb M. Clinical aspects and features of cataplexy. Adv Neurol. 1995;67:65-77.[Abstract]
79. Anic-Labat S, Guilleminault C, Kraemer HC, et al. Validation of a cataplexy questionnaire in 983 sleep-disorders patients. Sleep. 1999 Feb 1;22(1):77-87.[Abstract]
80. Howell M, Avidan AY, Foldvary-Schaefer N, et al. Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023 Apr 1;19(4):759-68.[Abstract][Full Text]
81. Golden EC, Lipford MC. Narcolepsy: Diagnosis and management. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018 Dec;85(12):959-69.[Abstract][Full Text]
82. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM manual for scoring of sleep and associated events. Feb 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
83. Littner M, Johnson SF, McCall WV, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy: an update for 2000. Sleep. 2001 Jun 15;24(4):451-66.[Abstract]
84. Krahn LE, Arand DL, Avidan AY, et al. Recommended protocols for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of Wakefulness Test in adults: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Dec 1;17(12):2489-98.[Abstract][Full Text]
85. Roehrs T, Roth T. Multiple sleep latency test: technical aspects and normal values. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1992 Jan;9(1):63-7.[Abstract]
86. Mignot E, Lin L, Finn L, et al. Correlates of sleep-onset REM periods during the multiple sleep latency test in community adults. Brain. 2006 Jun;129(Pt 6):1609-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
87. Dauvilliers Y, Gosselin A, Paquet J, et al. Effect of age on MSLT results in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy. Neurology. 2004 Jan 13;62(1):46-50.[Abstract]
88. Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol. 2002 Oct;59(10):1553-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
89. Overeem S, Scammell TE, Lammers GJ. Hypocretin/orexin and sleep: implications for the pathophysiology and diagnosis of narcolepsy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2002 Dec;15(6):739-45.[Abstract]
90. Smith MT, McCrae CS, Cheung J, et al. Use of actigraphy for the evaluation of sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Jul 15;14(7):1231-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
91. Chervin RD, Aldrich MS. Sleep onset REM periods during multiple sleep latency tests in patients evaluated for sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Feb;161(2 Pt 1):426-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
92. Maski KP, Amos LB, Carter JC, et al. Recommended protocols for the multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test in children: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024 Apr 1;20(4):631-41.[Abstract][Full Text]
93. Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Sep 1;17(9):1881-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
94. Bassetti CLA, Kallweit U, Vignatelli L, et al. European guideline and expert statements on the management of narcolepsy in adults and children. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Sep;28(9):2815-30.[Abstract][Full Text]
95. Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Sep 1;17(9):1895-945.[Abstract][Full Text]
96. Goswami M. The influence of clinical symptoms on quality of life in patients with narcolepsy. Neurology. 1998 Feb;50(2 suppl 1):S31-6.[Abstract]
97. Dauvilliers Y, Bassetti C, Lammers GJ, et al. Pitolisant versus placebo or modafinil in patients with narcolepsy: a double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Nov;12(11):1068-75.[Abstract]
98. Romigi A, Vitrani G, Lo Giudice T, et al. Profile of pitolisant in the management of narcolepsy: design, development, and place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018 Aug 30;12:2665-75.[Abstract][Full Text]
99. Lehert P, Falissard B. Multiple treatment comparison in narcolepsy: a network meta-analysis. Sleep. 2018 Dec 1;41(12):zsy185.[Abstract][Full Text]
100. Davis CW, Kallweit U, Schwartz JC, et al. Efficacy of pitolisant in patients with high burden of narcolepsy symptoms: pooled analysis of short-term, placebo-controlled studies. Sleep Med. 2021 May;81:210-17.[Abstract][Full Text]
101. Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, Szakacs Z, et al. Long-term use of pitolisant to treat patients with narcolepsy: Harmony III Study. Sleep. 2019 Oct 21;42(11):zsz174.[Abstract][Full Text]
102. Xu XM, Wei YD, Liu Y, et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for narcolepsy in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2019 Dec;64:62-70.[Abstract]
103. Kushida CA, Shapiro CM, Roth T, et al. Once-nightly sodium oxybate (FT218) demonstrated improvement of symptoms in a phase 3 randomized clinical trial in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep. 2022 Jun 13;45(6):zsab200.[Abstract][Full Text]
104. Bogan RK, Thorpy MJ, Dauvilliers Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates (lower-sodium oxybate [LXB]; JZP-258) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized withdrawal study in adults with narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep. 2021 Mar 12;44(3):zsaa206.[Abstract][Full Text]
105. Thorpy MJ. Recently approved and upcoming treatments for narcolepsy. CNS Drugs. 2020 Jan;34(1):9-27.[Abstract][Full Text]
106. Dauvilliers Y, Bogan RK, Šonka K, et al. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates oral solution: a lower-sodium alternative for cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Nat Sci Sleep. 2022;14:531-46.[Abstract][Full Text]
107. Thorpy MJ, Shapiro C, Mayer G, et al. A randomized study of solriamfetol for excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2019 Mar;85(3):359-70.[Abstract][Full Text]
108. Malhotra A, Shapiro C, Pepin JL. Long-term study of the safety and maintenance of efficacy of solriamfetol (JZP-110) in the treatment of excessive sleepiness in participants with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2020 Feb 13;43(2):zsz220.[Abstract][Full Text]
109. Szakacs Z, Dauvilliers Y, Mikhaylov V, et al. Safety and efficacy of pitolisant on cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Mar;16(3):200-7.[Abstract]
110. Vignatelli L, D'Alessandro R, Candelise L. Antidepressant drugs for narcolepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD003724.[Abstract]
111. Avis KT, Shen J, Weaver P, et al. Psychosocial characteristics of children with central disorders of hypersomnolence versus matched healthy children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015 Nov 15;11(11):1281-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
112. Dauvilliers Y, Lecendreux M, Lammers GJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of pitolisant in children aged 6 years or older with narcolepsy with or without cataplexy: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Apr;22(4):303-11.[Abstract]
113. Weinhold SL, Seeck-Hirschner M, Nowak A, et al. The effect of intranasal orexin-A (hypocretin-1) on sleep, wakefulness and attention in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Behav Brain Res. 2014 Apr 1;262:8-13.[Abstract]
114. Huang YS, Guilleminault C. Narcolepsy: action of two gamma-aminobutyric acid type B agonists, baclofen and sodium oxybate. Pediatr Neurol. 2009 Jul;41(1):9-16.[Abstract]
115. Lee EK, Douglass AB. Baclofen for narcolepsy with cataplexy: two cases. Nat Sci Sleep. 2015 Jul 29;7:81-3.[Abstract][Full Text]
116. Morse AM, Kelly-Pieper K, Kothare SV. Management of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy with baclofen. Pediatr Neurol. 2019 Apr;93:39-42.[Abstract]
117. Miyagawa T, Kawamura H, Obuchi M, et al. Effects of oral L-carnitine administration in narcolepsy patients: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over and placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53707.[Abstract][Full Text]
118. Swick TJ. Treatment paradigms for cataplexy in narcolepsy: past, present, and future. Nat Sci Sleep. 2015 Dec 11;7:159-69.[Abstract][Full Text]
119. Roy A. Psychiatric aspects of narcolepsy. Br J Psychiatry. 1976 Jun;128:562-5.[Abstract]
120. Mitler MM, Aldrich MS, Koob GF, et al. Narcolepsy and its treatment with stimulants. ASDA standards of practice. Sleep. 1994 Jun;17(4):352-71.[Abstract]
121. Boivin DB, Montplaisir J, Petit D, et al. Effects of modafinil on symptomatology of human narcolepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993 Feb;16(1):46-53.[Abstract]
122. Miller MM, Hajdukovic R, Erman MK. Treatment of narcolepsy with methamphetamine. Sleep. 1993 Jun;16(4):306-17.[Abstract][Full Text]
123. Arand D, Bonnet M, Hurwitz T, et al. The clinical use of the MSLT and MWT. Sleep. 2005 Jan;28(1):123-44.[Abstract]
Key Articles
Referenced Articles
Sign in to access our clinical decision support tools