Highlights & Basics
- Seborrheic keratoses are common, multiple, benign tumors of the skin.
- They usually appear in the fourth and fifth decades of life and their prevalence increases with age and sun exposure.
- They appear as well-circumscribed "stuck-on" plaques or papules and may look like warts.
- They are usually asymptomatic but can become irritated and inflamed spontaneously or because of friction from clothing.
- Treatment is not necessary because of their benign nature, but if irritated, itching, and displeasing, can be initially treated with cryotherapy and curettage.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Images
Seborrheic keratosis on the chest of an elderly woman
Seborrheic keratosis of the chest: clinical overview image
Seborrheic keratosis of the chest: clinical close-up image
Dermoscopic image of seborrheic keratosis on the chest
Clinical close-up image of seborrheic keratosis on the back of a 40-year-old man
Clinical overview image of seborrheic keratosis on the back of a 40-year-old man
Clinical image of an example of a dark-brown pigmented seborrheic keratosis
Example of a dark-brown pigmented seborrheic keratosis. Dermoscopic image: see yellowish horn pearls and dark brown holes corresponding to so-called "pseudo-follicular openings"
Typical dermoscopic appearance of seborrheic keratosis with milia-like cysts (black arrows) and comedo-like openings (blue arrows)
Citations
Pierson D, Bandel C, Ehrig T, et al. Benign epidermal tumors and proliferations. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. London: Mosby; 2003:597-602.
MacKie RM, Quinn AG. Non-melanoma skin cancer and other epidermal skin tumors. In: Burns T, Breathnach SM, Cox N, et al, eds. Rook's textbook of dermatology. 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 2004:36-45.
Weedon D. Chapter 31: Tumors of the epidermis. In: Weedon D. Skin pathology. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:765-771.
Altmeyer P, Bacharach-Buhles M, eds. Enzyklopadie dermatologie, allergologie, umweltmedizin. Berlin: Springer; 2002.
Ortonne JP, Pandya AG, Lui H, et al. Treatment of solar lentigines. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(suppl 2):S262-S271.[Abstract]
Krupashankar DS; IADVL Dermatosurgery Task Force. Standard guidelines of care: CO2 laser for removal of benign skin lesions and resurfacing. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74(suppl):S61-S67.[Abstract][Full Text]
1. Pierson D, Bandel C, Ehrig T, et al. Benign epidermal tumors and proliferations. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, eds. Dermatology. London: Mosby; 2003:597-602.
2. MacKie RM, Quinn AG. Non-melanoma skin cancer and other epidermal skin tumors. In: Burns T, Breathnach SM, Cox N, et al, eds. Rook's textbook of dermatology. 7th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 2004:36-45.
3. Weedon D. Chapter 31: Tumors of the epidermis. In: Weedon D. Skin pathology. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:765-771.
4. Altmeyer P, Bacharach-Buhles M, eds. Enzyklopadie dermatologie, allergologie, umweltmedizin. Berlin: Springer; 2002.
5. Yeatman JM, Kilkenny M, Marks R. The prevalence of seborrhoeic keratoses in an Australian population: does exposure to sunlight play a part in their frequency? Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:411-414.[Abstract]
6. Holdiness MR. On the classification of the sign of Leser-Trelat. J Am Acad Dermatology. 1988;19:754-757.[Abstract]
7. Schwartz RA. Sign of Leser-Trelat. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:88-95.[Abstract]
8. Wollina U. Recent advances in managing and understanding seborrheic keratosis. F1000Res. 2019;8:.[Abstract][Full Text]
9. Jackson JM, Alexis A, Berman B, et al. Current understanding of seborrheic keratosis: prevalence, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015 Oct;14(10):1119-25.[Abstract]
10. Garcia MS, Azari R, Eisen DB. Treatment of dermatosis papulosa nigra in 10 patients: a comparison trial of electrodesiccation, pulsed dye laser, and curettage. Dermatol Surg. 2010 Dec;36(12):1968-72.[Abstract]
11. Cheong KA, Lee AY. Guanine deaminase stimulates ultraviolet-induced keratinocyte senescence in seborrhoeic keratosis via guanine metabolites. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020 Apr 6;100(8):adv00109.[Abstract][Full Text]
12. Reiches AJ. Seborrheic keratoses: are they delayed hereditary nevi? AMA Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1952;65:596-600.[Abstract]
13. Kwon OS, Hwang EJ, Bae JH, et al. Seborrheic keratosis in the Korean males: causative role of sunlight. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2003;19:73-80.[Abstract]
14. Hafner C, Hartmann A, van Oers JM, et al. FGFR3 mutations in seborrheic keratoses are already present in flat lesions and associated with age and localization. Mod Pathol. 2007;20:895-903.[Abstract]
15. Nakamura H, Hirota S, Adachi S, et al. Clonal nature of seborrheic keratosis demonstrated by using the polymorphism of the human androgen receptor locus as a marker. J Invest Dermatol. 2001 Apr;116(4):506-10.[Abstract][Full Text]
16. Rayess H, Wang MB, Srivatsan ES. Cellular senescence and tumor suppressor gene p16. Int J Cancer. 2012 Apr 15;130(8):1715-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
17. Alexandrova AK, Smolyannikova VA, Filatova VA, et al. Protein p16 role in seborrheic keratosis. Our Dermatol Online. 2016;7(4):377-380.[Full Text]
18. Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, et al. Overexpression of amyloid precursor protein promotes the onset of seborrhoeic keratosis and is related to skin ageing. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018 Jun 8;98(6):594-600.[Abstract][Full Text]
19. Lee ES, Whang MR, Kang WH. Absence of human papillomavirus DNA in nongenital seborrheic keratosis. J Korean Med Sci. 2001;16:619-622.[Abstract][Full Text]
20. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality statement 4: Dermoscopy. Quality standard [QS130]. September 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
21. Tschandl P, Codella N, Akay BN, et al. Comparison of the accuracy of human readers versus machine-learning algorithms for pigmented skin lesion classification: an open, web-based, international, diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jul;20(7):938-947.[Abstract][Full Text]
22. Bafounta ML, Beauchet A, Aegerter P, et al. Is dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy) useful for the diagnosis of melanoma? Results of a meta-analysis using techniques adapted to the evaluation of diagnostic tests. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1343-1350.[Abstract]
23. Braun RP, Rabinovitz HS, Krischer J, et al. Dermoscopy of pigmented seborrheic keratosis: a morphological study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1556-1560.[Abstract][Full Text]
24. Wang SQ, Rabinovitz H, Oliviero MC. Dermoscopic patterns of solar lentigines and seborrheic keratoses. Braun. In: Marghoob AA, Braun RP, Kopf AW, eds. Atlas of dermoscopy. London: Taylor and Francis; 2005:60-71.
25. Ahlgrimm-Siess V, Cao T, Oliviero M, et al. Seborrheic keratosis: reflectance confocal microscopy features and correlation with dermoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:120-126.[Abstract]
26. Izikson L, Sober AJ, Mihm MC Jr, et al. Prevalence of melanoma clinically resembling seborrheic keratosis: analysis of 9204 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1562-1566.[Abstract][Full Text]
27. Carucci J, Leffell DJ. Basal cell carcinoma. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003:747-754.
28. Motley RJ. Seborrheic keratosis. In: Lebwohl MG, Heymann WR, Berth-Jones J, et al, eds. Treatment of skin disease. Comprehensive therapeutic strategies. London: Mosby; 2006:609-610.
29. Wood LD, Stucki JK, Hollenbeak CS, et al. Effectiveness of cryosurgery vs curettage in the treatment of seborrheic keratoses. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:108-109.[Abstract][Full Text]
30. Ortonne JP, Pandya AG, Lui H, et al. Treatment of solar lentigines. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(suppl 2):S262-S271.[Abstract]
31. Krupashankar DS; IADVL Dermatosurgery Task Force. Standard guidelines of care: CO2 laser for removal of benign skin lesions and resurfacing. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74(suppl):S61-S67.[Abstract][Full Text]
32. Polder KD, Landau JM, Vergilis-Kalner IJ, et al. Laser eradication of pigmented lesions: a review. Dermatol Surg. 2011;37:572-595.[Abstract]
33. Brodsky J. Management of benign skin lesions commonly affecting the face: actinic keratosis, seborrheic keratosis, and rosacea. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;17:315-320.[Abstract]
34. Murphy EC, Friedman AJ. Hydrogen peroxide topical solution, 40% (w/w) for the treatment of seborrheic keratoses: a review. Skin Therapy Lett. 2020 Jan;25(1):1-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
35. Baumann LS, Blauvelt A, Draelos ZD, et al. Safety and efficacy of hydrogen peroxide topical solution, 40% (w/w), in patients with seborrheic keratoses: Results from 2 identical, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies (A-101-SEBK-301/302). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Jun 1;79(5):869-877.[Abstract][Full Text]
36. Funkhouser CH, Coerdt KM, Haidari W, et al. Hydrogen peroxide 40% for the treatment of seborrheic keratoses. Ann Pharmacother. 2021 Feb;55(2):216-221.[Abstract]
Key Articles
Referenced Articles
Sign in to access our clinical decision support tools