Melasma

1. Ball Arefiev KL, Hantash BM. Advances in the treatment of melasma: a review of the recent literature. Dermatol Surg. 2012 Jul;38(7 Pt 1):971-84.[Abstract]

2. Victor FC, Gelber J, Rao B. Melasma: a review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2004 Mar-Apr;8(2):97-102.[Abstract]

3. Nicolaidou E, Antoniou C, Katsambas AD. Origin, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of facial hypermelanoses. Dermatol Clin. 2007 Jul;25(3):321-6, viii.[Abstract]

4. Pandya AG, Hynan LS, Bhore R, et al. Reliability assessment and validation of the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and a new modified MASI scoring method. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Jan;64(1):78-83, 83.e1-2.[Abstract]

5. Werlinger KD, Guevara IL, González CM, et al. Prevalence of self-diagnosed melasma among premenopausal Latino women in Dallas and Fort Worth, Tex. Arch Dermatol. 2007 Mar;143(3):424-5.[Abstract]

6. Rajaratnam R, Halpern J, Salim A, et al. Interventions for melasma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD003583.[Abstract]

7. Hexsel D, Lacerda DA, Cavalcante AS, et al. Epidemiology of melasma in Brazilian patients: a multicenter study. Int J Dermatol. 2014 Apr;53(4):440-4.[Abstract][Full Text]

8. Achar A, Rathi SK. Melasma: a clinico-epidemiological study of 312 cases. Indian J Dermatol. 2011 Jul;56(4):380-2.[Abstract][Full Text]

9. Goh CL, Dlova CN. A retrospective study on the clinical presentation and treatment outcome of melasma in a tertiary dermatological referral centre in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 1999 Jul;40(7):455-8.[Abstract]

10. Guinot C, Cheffai S, Latreille J, et al. Aggravating factors for melasma: a prospective study in 197 Tunisian patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010 Sep;24(9):1060-9.[Abstract]

11. Ortonne JP, Arellano I, Berneburg M, et al. A global survey of the role of ultraviolet radiation and hormonal influences in the development of melasma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:1254-62.[Abstract]

12. Grimes PE. Melasma. Etiologic and therapeutic considerations. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:1453-7.[Abstract]

13. Kang HY, Ortonne JP. What should be considered in treatment of melasma. Ann Dermatol. 2010 Nov;22(4):373-8. [Abstract][Full Text]

14. Torres-Álvarez B, Mesa-Garza IG, Castanedo-Cázares JP, et al. Histochemical and immunohistochemical study in melasma: evidence of damage in the basal membrane. Am J Dermatopathol. 2011;33:291-295.[Abstract]

15. Miot LD, Miot HA, Polettini J, et al. Morphologic changes and the expression of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and melanocortin-1 receptor in melasma lesions: a comparative study. Am J Dermatopathol. 2010;32:676-682.[Abstract]

16. Lakhdar H, Zouhair K, Khadir K, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a broad-spectrum sunscreen in the prevention of chloasma in pregnant women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007 Jul;21(6):738-42.[Abstract]

17. Sarkar R, Jain RK, Puri P. Melasma in Indian males. Dermatol Surg. 2003 Feb;29(2):204.[Abstract]

18. Tamega Ade A, Miot LD, Bonfietti C, et al. Clinical patterns and epidemiological characteristics of facial melasma in Brazilian women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Feb;27(2):151-6.[Abstract][Full Text]

19. Ardigo M, Cameli N, Berardesca E, et al. Characterization and evaluation of pigment distribution and response to therapy in melasma using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy: a preliminary study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010 Nov;24(11):1296-303.[Abstract]

20. Agozzino M, Licata G, Giorgio CMR, et al. Reflectance confocal microscopy assessment of the depigmenting agents complex for melasma treatment. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2020 Sep;13(9):41-4.[Abstract][Full Text]

21. Serrano G, Pujol C, Cuadra J, et al. Riehl's melanosis: pigmented contact dermatitis caused by fragrances. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:1057-1060.[Abstract]

22. Meffert JJ. Erythema dyschromicum perstans: a case report and review. Cutis. 2002;70:62.[Abstract]

23. Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, Ditre CM, et al. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 1993 Oct;129(4):415-21.[Abstract]

24. Kimbrough-Green CK, Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, et al. Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients. A vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol. 1994 Jun;130(6):727-33.[Abstract]

25. Kang HY, Valerio L, Bahadoran P, et al. The role of topical retinoids in the treatment of pigmentary disorders: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10(4):251-60. [Abstract]

26. Taylor SC, Torok H, Jones T, et al. Efficacy and safety of a new triple-combination agent for the treatment of facial melasma. Cutis. 2003 Jul;72(1):67-72.[Abstract]

27. Chan R, Park KC, Lee MH, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of a fixed triple combination (fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05%) compared with hydroquinone 4% cream in Asian patients with moderate to severe melasma. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Sep;159(3):697-703.[Abstract]

28. Arellano I, Cestari T, Ocampo-Candiani J, et al. Preventing melasma recurrence: prescribing a maintenance regimen with an effective triple combination cream based on long-standing clinical severity. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012 May;26(5):611-8.[Abstract]

29. Austin E, Nguyen JK, Jagdeo J. Topical treatments for melasma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019 Nov 1;18(11):S1545961619P1156X.[Abstract][Full Text]

30. Prignano F, Ortonne JP, Buggiani G, et al. Therapeutical approaches in melasma. Dermatol Clin. 2007 Jul;25(3):337-42, viii.[Abstract]

31. Verallo-Rowell VM, Verallo V, Graupe K, et al. Double-blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989;143:58-61.[Abstract]

32. Balina LM, Graupe K. The treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream. Int J Dermatol. 1991 Dec;30(12):893-5.[Abstract]

33. Deo KS, Dash KN, Sharma YK, et al. Kojic acid vis-a-vis its combinations with hydroquinone and betamethasone valerate in melasma: a randomized, single blind, comparative study of efficacy and safety. Indian J Dermatol. 2013 Jul;58(4):281-5.[Abstract][Full Text]

34. Leyden JJ, Shergill B, Micali G, et al. Natural options for the management of hyperpigmentation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011 Oct;25(10):1140-5.[Abstract]

35. Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, et al. Final report of the safety assessment of Kojic acid as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2010 Nov-Dec;29(suppl 6):244S-73.[Abstract]

36. Espinal Perez LE, Moncada B, Castanedo-Cazares JP. A double-blind randomized trial of 5% ascorbic acid vs 4% hydroquinone in melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2004 Aug;43(8):604-7.[Abstract]

37. Sobhi RM, Sobhi AM. A single-blinded comparative study between the use of glycolic acid 70% peel and the use of topical nanosome vitamin C iontophoresis in the treatment of melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2012 Mar;11(1):65-71.[Abstract]

38. Draelos ZD. Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy. Dermatol Ther. 2007 Sep-Oct;20(5):308-13.[Abstract]

39. Gupta AK, Gover MD, Nouri K, et al. The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Dec;55(6):1048-65.[Abstract]

40. Putra IB, Jusuf NK, Dewi NK. Skin changes and safety profile of topical products during pregnancy. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2022 Feb;15(2):49-57.[Abstract][Full Text]

41. Bandyopadhyay D. Topical treatment of melasma. Indian J Dermatol. 2009;54(4):303-9.[Abstract][Full Text]

42. Chun EY, Lee JB, Lee KH. Focal trichloroacetic acid peel method for benign pigmented lesions in dark-skinned patients. Dermatol Surg. 2004 Apr;30(4 Pt 1):512-6.[Abstract]

43. Grimes PE. The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Dermatol Surg. 1999 Jan;25(1):18-22.[Abstract][Full Text]

44. Javaheri SM, Handa S, Kaur I, et al. Safety and efficacy of glycolic acid facial peel in Indian women with melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2001 May;40(5):354-7.[Abstract]

45. Soliman MM, Ramadan SA, Bassiouny DA, et al. Combined trichloroacetic acid peel and topical ascorbic acid versus trichloroacetic acid peel alone in the treatment of melasma: a comparative study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007 Jun;6(2):89-94.[Abstract]

46. Nouri K, Bowes L, Chartier T, et al. Combination treatment of melasma with pulsed CO2 laser followed by Q-switched alexandrite laser: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 1999 Jun;25(6):494-7.[Abstract]

47. Angsuwarangsee S, Polnikorn N. Combined ultrapulse CO2 laser and Q-switched alexandrite laser compared with Q-switched alexandrite laser alone for refractory melasma: split-face design. Dermatol Surg. 2003 Jan;29(1):59-64.[Abstract]

48. Rokhsar CK, Fitzpatrick RE. The treatment of melasma with fractional photothermolysis: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2005 Dec;31(12):1645-50.[Abstract]

49. Kunachak S, Leelaudomlipi P, Wongwaisayawan S. Dermabrasion: a curative treatment for melasma. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2001 Mar-Apr;25(2):114-7.[Abstract]

50. Tierney EP, Hanke CW. Review of the literature: Treatment of dyspigmentation with fractionated resurfacing. Dermatol Surg. 2010 Oct;36(10):1499-508.[Abstract]

51. Wanitphakdeedecha R, Manuskiatti W, Siriphukpong S, et al. Treatment of melasma using variable square pulse Er:YAG laser resurfacing. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Mar;35(3):475-81.[Abstract]

52. Tannous Z. Fractional resurfacing. Clin Dermatol. 2007 Sep-Oct;25(5):480-6.[Abstract]

53. Tehrani S, Tehrani S, Esmaili-Azad M, et al. Efficacy and safety of azelaic acid 20% plus hydroquinone 5% in the management of melasma. Iran J Dermatol. 2012;15:11-14.

54. Kodali S, Guevara IL, Carrigan CR, et al. A prospective, randomized, split-face, controlled trial of salicylic acid peels in the treatment of melasma in Latin American women. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Dec;63(6):1030-5. [Abstract]

55. Figueiredo Souza L, Trancoso Souza S. Single-session intense pulsed light combined with stable fixed-dose triple combination topical therapy for the treatment of refractory melasma. Dermatol Ther. 2012 Sep-Oct;25(5):477-80.[Abstract]

56. Kim SJ, Park JY, Shibata T, et al. Efficacy and possible mechanisms of topical tranexamic acid in melasma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2016 Jul;41(5):480-5.[Abstract]

57. Kim HJ, Moon SH, Cho SH, et al. Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in melasma: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017 Jul 6;97(7):776-81. [Abstract][Full Text]

58. Taraz M, Niknam S, Ehsani AH. Tranexamic acid in treatment of melasma: a comprehensive review of clinical studies. Dermatol Ther. 2017 May;30(3).[Abstract]

59. Sharma R, Mahajan VK, Mehta KS, et al. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of oral tranexamic acid and that of tranexamic acid local infiltration with microinjections in patients with melasma: a comparative study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017 Oct;42(7):728-34.[Abstract]

60. Atefi N, Dalvand B, Ghassemi M, et al. Therapeutic effects of topical tranexamic acid in comparison with hydroquinone in treatment of women with melasma. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2017 Sep;7(3):417-24.[Abstract][Full Text]

61. Farshi S, Mansouri P, Kasraee B. Efficacy of cysteamine cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma, evaluating by Dermacatch as a new measurement method: a randomized double blind placebo controlled study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2018 Mar;29(2):182-9.[Abstract][Full Text]

62. Mansouri P, Farshi S, Hashemi Z, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2015 Jul;173(1):209-17.[Abstract][Full Text]

63. Tirado-Sanchez A, Santamaría-Roman A, Ponce-Olivera RM. Efficacy of dioic acid compared with hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. Int J Dermatol. 2009 Aug;48(8):893-5. [Abstract]

64. Khemis A, Kaiafa A, Queille-Roussel C, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of rucinol serum in patients with melasma: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2007 May;156(5):997-1004. [Abstract]

65. Huh SY, Shin JW, Na JI, et al. The efficacy and safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream for the treatment of melasma: a randomized controlled split-face trial. Ann Dermatol. 2010 Feb;22(1):21-5. [Abstract]

66. Ni Z, Mu Y, Gulati O. Treatment of melasma with Pycnogenol. Phytother Res. 2002 Sep;16(6):567-71.[Abstract]

67. Handog EB, Galang DA, de Leon-Godinez MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral procyanidin with vitamins A, C, E for melasma among Filipino women. Int J Dermatol. 2009 Aug;48(8):896-901.[Abstract]

68. Yi X, Zhao G, Zhang H, et al. MITF-siRNA formulation is a safe and effective therapy for human melasma. Mol Ther. 2011 Feb;19(2):362-71.[Abstract]

69. Ilknur T, Biçak MU, Demirtaşoğlu M, et al. Glycolic acid peels versus amino fruit acid peels in the treatment of melasma. Dermatol Surg. 2010 Apr;36(4):490-5[Abstract]

70. Olumide YM, Odunowo BD, Odiase AO. Regional dermatoses in the African. Part I. Facial hypermelanosis. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30:186-189.[Abstract]