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Diseases

Liver abscess

OVERVIEW

  • Highlights & Basics
  • Images

DIAGNOSIS

  • Diagnostic Approach
  • Risk Factors
  • History & Exam
  • Tests
  • Differential Diagnosis
  • Criteria
  • Screening

TREATMENT

  • Tx Approach
  • Tx Options
  • Emerging Tx
  • Prevention

FOLLOW-UP

  • Overview
  • Complications

REFERENCES

  • Citations
  • Guidelines
  • Credits

PATIENT RESOURCES

  • Patient Instructions

Highlights & Basics

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Key Highlights
  • Liver abscess is a localized infection in the liver parenchyma that may be bacterial, fungal, or parasitic in origin.

  • Patients typically present with nonspecific constitutional symptoms, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and tenderness. 

  • The most common underlying condition in people with pyogenic liver abscess is biliary tract disease.

  • Treatment of pyogenic abscess focuses on both timely administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics and drainage of the abscess. People with fungal abscess require antifungal therapy. Amebic abscess is treated with a nitroimidazole, followed by a luminal agent.

CT scan showing a liver abscess (7 cm x 5 cm) in a 46-year-old man who presented with fever, fatigue
CT scan showing a liver abscess (7 cm x 5 cm) in a 46-year-old man who presented with fever, fatigue, and cough
From the collection of Massachusetts General Hospital radiology images

Quick Reference

  • History & Exam

    • Key Factors

      • Other Factors

        More information...
      • Diagnostics Tests

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        • Treatment Options

            More information...

          Definition

          Epidemiology

          Etiology

          Pathophysiology

          content by BMJ Group
          Last updated

          Images

          • CT scan showing a liver abscess (7 cm x 5 cm) in a 46-year-old man who presented with fever, fatigue

            CT scan showing a liver abscess (7 cm x 5 cm) in a 46-year-old man who presented with fever, fatigue, and cough

          • CT scan (coronal view) showing liver abscess in a 46-year-old man who presented with fever, fatigue,

            CT scan (coronal view) showing liver abscess in a 46-year-old man who presented with fever, fatigue, and cough

          • Gross pathology of amebic abscess of liver; tube of "chocolate" pus from abscess

            Gross pathology of amebic abscess of liver; tube of "chocolate" pus from abscess

          • A noncontrast abdominal CT scan showing a huge gas-containing liver abscess (arrow)

            A noncontrast abdominal CT scan showing a huge gas-containing liver abscess (arrow)

          Citations

            Key Articles

            • Kim AY. Bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections of the liver, including liver abscesses. In: Chung RT, Rubin DT, Wilcox CM, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease - 2 volume set. 12th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2026.​​

            Referenced Articles

            • 1. Lam JC, Stokes W. Management of pyogenic liver abscesses: contemporary strategies and challenges. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2023 Sep 1;57(8):774-81.[Abstract]

            • 2. Watanabe K. Amebiasis. In: Kellerman RD, Heidelbaugh JJ, eds. Conn's current therapy 2026. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2026.​​

            • 3. Johnston V, Stockley JM, Dockrell D, et al; British Infection Society and the Hospital for Tropical Diseases. Fever in returned travellers presenting in the United Kingdom: recommendations for investigation and initial management. J Infect. 2009 Jul;59(1):1-18.[Abstract]

            • 4. Kaplan GG, Gregson DB, Laupland KB. Population-based study of the epidemiology of and the risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Nov;2(11):1032-8.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 5. Mohsen AH, Green ST, Read RC, et al. Liver abscess in adults: ten years experience in a UK centre. QJM. 2002 Dec;95(12):797-802.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 6. Alvarez J, González J, Baldonedo R, et al. Pyogenic liver abscesses: a comparison of older and younger patients. HPB (Oxford). 2001;3(3):201-6.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 7. Meddings L, Myers RP, Hubbard J, et al. A population-based study of pyogenic liver abscesses in the United States: incidence, mortality, and temporal trends. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Jan;105(1):117-24.[Abstract]

            • 8. Huang CJ, Pitt HA, Lipsett PA, et al. Pyogenic hepatic abscess: changing trends over 42 years. Ann Surg. 1996 May;223(5):600-7.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 9. Wang S, Chang Z. Incidence, risk factors, and subsequent health outcomes of pyogenic liver abscesses: a scoping review of evidence from population-based studies. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2025;2025:3915024.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 10. Jepsen P, Vilstrup H, Schønheyder HC, et al. A nationwide study of the incidence and 30-day mortality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in Denmark, 1977-2002. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 May 15;21(10):1185-8.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 11. Tsai FC, Huang YT, Chang LY, et al. Pyogenic liver abscess as endemic disease, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Oct;14(10):1592-600.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 12. Cooney J, Siakavellas SI, Chiodini PL, et al. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of amoebiasis. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2025 Apr 8;16(1):37-50.​​[Full Text]

            • 13. Johannsen EC, Sifri CD, Madoff LC. Pyogenic liver abscesses. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000 Sep;14(3):547-63.[Abstract]

            • 14. Rahimian J, Wilson T, Oram V, et al. Pyogenic liver abscess: recent trends in etiology and mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1654-1659.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 15. Fang CT, Lai SY, Yi WC, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae genotype K1: an emerging pathogen that causes septic ocular or central nervous system complications from pyogenic liver abscess. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1;45(3):284-93.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 16. Lederman ER, Crum NF. Pyogenic liver abscess with a focus on Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary pathogen: an emerging disease with unique clinical characteristics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Feb;100(2):322-31.[Abstract]

            • 17. Alvarez Pérez JA, González JJ, Baldonedo RF, et al. Clinical course, treatment, and multivariate analysis of risk factors for pyogenic liver abscess. Am J Surg. 2001 Feb;181(2):177-86.[Abstract]

            • 18. Angeles-Solano M, Tabashsum Z, Chen L, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscesses: pathogenesis, treatment, and ongoing challenges. Infect Immun. 2025 Aug 12;93(8):e0050824.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 19. Kim AY. Bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections of the liver, including liver abscesses. In: Chung RT, Rubin DT, Wilcox CM, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease - 2 volume set. 12th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2026.​​

            • 20. Dumic I, Caetano EM, Domingues SM, et al. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of patients with liver abscess due to Aspergillus spp: a systematic review of published cases. BMC Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 22;24(1):345.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 21. Petri WA Jr, Singh U. Diagnosis and management of amebiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Nov;29(5):1117-25.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 22. Rockey DC. Hepatobiliary infections. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001 Jul;17(1):257-61.[Abstract]

            • 23. Leggieri N, Marques-Vidal P, Cerwenka H, et al. Migrated foreign body liver abscess: illustrative case report, systematic review, and proposed diagnostic algorithm. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010 Mar;89(2):85-95.[Abstract]

            • 24. Thomsen RW, Jepsen P, Sørensen HT. Diabetes mellitus and pyogenic liver abscess: risk and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 May 1;44(9):1194-201.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 25. Molle I, Thulstrup AM, Vilstrup H, et al. Increased risk and case fatality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in patients with liver cirrhosis: a nationwide study in Denmark. Gut. 2001 Feb;48(2):260-3.[Abstract]

            • 26. Shibata T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto N, et al. Cholangitis and liver abscess after percutaneous ablation therapy for liver tumors: incidence and risk factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003 Dec;14(12):1535-42.[Abstract]

            • 27. Aziz H, Kwon YIC, Lee KYC, et al. Current evidence on the diagnosis and management of spilled gallstones after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2024 Dec;28(12):2125-33.[Abstract]

            • 28. Zimmermann L, Wendt S, Lübbert C, et al. Epidemiology of pyogenic liver abscesses in Germany: Analysis of incidence, risk factors and mortality rate based on routine data from statutory health insurance. United European Gastroenterol J. 2021 Nov;9(9):1039-47.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 29. Neumayr A, Kubitz R, Bode JG, et al. Multiple liver abscesses with isolation of streptococcus intermedius related to a pyogenic dental infection in an immuno-competent patient. Eur J Med Res. 2010;15(7):319-22.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 30. Rainwater E, Gupta V, Vivekanandan R, et al. Maxillary teeth abscesses result in atypical liver abscesses. Cureus. 2018 Mar 20;10(3):e2353.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 31. British Society of Gastroenterology. Antibiotic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal endoscopy​. Jan 2012 [internet publication].[Full Text]

            • 32. ​American College of Radiology. ACR-SIR-SPR practice parameter for specifications and performance of image-guided drainage / aspiration of abscesses and fluid collections. 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]

            • 33. Chemaly RF, Hall GS, Keys TF, et al. Microbiology of liver abscesses and the predictive value of abscess gram stain and associated blood cultures. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;46(4):245-8.[Abstract]

            • 34. Law ST, Li KK. Role of C-reactive protein in response-guided therapy of pyogenic liver abscess. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Feb;26(2):179-86.[Abstract]

            • 35. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38.[Abstract]

            • 36. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: acute nonlocalized abdominal pain. 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]

            • 37. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: right upper quadrant pain. 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]

            • 38. Bächler P, Baladron MJ, Menias C, et al. Multimodality imaging of liver infections: differential diagnosis and potential pitfalls. Radiographics. 2016 Jul-Aug;36(4):1001-23.[Abstract]

            • 39. Lin AC, Yeh DY, Hsu YH, et al. Diagnosis of pyogenic liver abscess by abdominal ultrasonography in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2009 Apr;26(4):273-5.[Abstract]

            • 40. ​​American College of Radiology. Ten things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2021 [internet publication]​.[Full Text]

            • 41. Elbanna KY, Kielar AZ. Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging for hepatic lesion characterization/diagnosis. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2021 Mar;17(3):159-64.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 42. Everts RJ, Heneghan JP, Adholla PO, et al. Validity of cultures of fluid collected through drainage catheters versus those obtained by direct aspiration. J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Jan;39(1):66-8.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 43. Benedetti NJ, Desser TS, Jeffrey RB. Imaging of hepatic infections. Ultrasound Q. 2008 Dec;24(4):267-78.[Abstract]

            • 44. Doyle DJ, Hanbidge AE, O'Malley ME. Imaging of hepatic infections. Clin Radiol. 2006 Dec;61(4):737-48.[Abstract]

            • 45. Frenette C, Mendiratta-Lala M, Salgia R, et al. ACG clinical guideline: focal liver lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Jul 1;119(7):1235-71.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 46. Kiriyama S, Kozaka K, Takada T, et al. Tokyo guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholangitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018 Jan;25(1):17-30.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 47. Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Dec 1;78(6):1922-65.[Abstract][Full Text]

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            • 49. Hope WW, Vrochides DV, Newcomb WL, et al. Optimal treatment of hepatic abscess. Am Surg. 2008 Feb;74(2):178-82.[Abstract]

            • 50. Ng FH, Wong WM, Wong BC, et al. Sequential intravenous/oral antibiotic vs. continuous intravenous antibiotic in the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Jun;16(6):1083-90.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 51. Tamma PD, Heil EL, Justo JA, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis. 7 Aug 2024.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 52. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 53. Serwacki P, Gajda M, Świątek-Kwapniewska W, et al. Re-evaluating the suitability of using fluoroquinolones in the treatment of infections in the context of FQ consumption and correlating changes to microorganism resistance levels in EU/EEA countries between 2016 and 2021. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2024 Feb;397(2):795-805.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 54. Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1;52(5):e103-20.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 55. Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3):804.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 56. Giamarellou H. Multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005 Jul;11(suppl 4):1-16.[Abstract]

            • 57. Jacoby GA, Munoz-Price LS. The new beta-lactamases. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jan 27;352(4):380-91.[Abstract]

            • 58. Liu CH, Gervais DA, Hahn PF, et al. Percutaneous hepatic abscess drainage: do multiple abscesses or multiloculated abscesses preclude drainage or affect outcome? J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009 Aug;20(8):1059-65.[Abstract]

            • 59. Pearce N, Knight R, Irving H, et al. Non-operative management of pyogenic liver abscess. HPB (Oxford). 2003;5(2):91-5.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 60. Al-Sayaghi KM, Alhujaily M, Zaky MK, et al. Percutaneous needle aspiration versus catheter drainage in the management of liver abscess: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg. 2023 Apr;93(4):840-50.[Abstract]

            • 61. Mahmoud A, Abuelazm M, Ahmed AAS, et al. Percutaneous catheter drainage versus needle aspiration for liver abscess management: an updated systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Ann Transl Med. 2023 Mar 15;11(5):190.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 62. Lin JW, Chen CT, Hsieh MS, et al. Percutaneous catheter drainage versus percutaneous needle aspiration for liver abscess: a systematic review, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMJ Open. 2023 Jul 30;13(7):e072736.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 63. Tan YM, Chung AY, Chow PK, et al. An appraisal of surgical and percutaneous drainage for pyogenic liver abscesses larger than 5 cm. Ann Surg. 2005 Mar;241(3):485-90.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 64. Chung YF, Tan YM, Lui HF, et al. Management of pyogenic liver abscesses: percutaneous or open drainage? Singapore Med J. 2007 Dec;48(12):1158-65.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 65. Ndong A, Tendeng JN, Diallo AC, et al. Efficacy of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of hepatic abscess: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022 Mar;75:103308.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 66. Hsieh HF, Chen TW, Yu CY, et al. Aggressive hepatic resection for patients with pyogenic liver abscess and APACHE II score > or =15. Am J Surg. 2008 Sep;196(3):346-50.[Abstract]

            • 67. Sersté T, Bourgeois N, Vanden Eynden F, et al. Endoscopic drainage of pyogenic liver abscesses with suspected biliary origin. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jun;102(6):1209-15.[Abstract]

            • 68. Chin YK, Asokkumar R. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of difficult-to-access liver abscesses. SAGE Open Med. 2020;8:2050312120921273.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 69. Gadour E, Awad A, Hassan Z, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic role of endoscopic ultrasound in liver diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2024 Feb 21;30(7):742-58.[Abstract][Full Text]

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            • 71. Chavez-Tapia NC, Hernandez-Calleros J, et al. Image-guided percutaneous procedure plus metronidazole versus metronidazole alone for uncomplicated amoebic liver abscess. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD004886.[Abstract][Full Text]

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            • 73. Drugs for parasitic infections. Med Lett. 2004 Aug;46:e1-12.

            • 74. Molton JS, Chan M, Kalimuddin S, et al. Oral vs intravenous antibiotics for patients with klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess: a randomized, controlled noninferiority Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 14;71(4):952-9.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 75. Chuang C, Chou SH, Wang FD, et al. Fluoroquinolones as an alternative treatment for Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess and impact on hospital length of stay. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Oct;56(4):106120.[Abstract]

            • 76. Cheng HC, Chang WL, Chen WY, et al. Long-term outcome of pyogenic liver abscess: factors related with abscess recurrence. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov-Dec;42(10):1110-5.[Abstract]

            • 77. Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, et al. Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;(1):CD007798.[Abstract][Full Text]

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            • 80. Ruiz-Hernández JJ, León-Mazorra M, Conde-Martel A, et al. Pyogenic liver abscesses: mortality-related factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Oct;19(10):853-8.[Abstract]

            • 81. Chen SC, Huang CC, Tsai SJ, et al. Severity of disease as main predictor for mortality in patients with pyogenic liver abscess. Am J Surg. 2009 Aug;198(2):164-72.[Abstract]

            • 82. Chen W, Chen CH, Chiu KL, et al. Clinical outcome and prognostic factors of patients with pyogenic liver abscess requiring intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr;36(4):1184-8.[Abstract]

            • 83. Mohan BP, Meyyur Aravamudan V, Khan SR, et al. Prevalence of colorectal cancer in cryptogenic pyogenic liver abscess patients. do they need screening colonoscopy? a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2019 Dec;51(12):1641-5.[Abstract]

            • 84. Lee SS, Chen YS, Tsai HC, et al. Predictors of septic metastatic infection and mortality among patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 1;47(5):642-50.[Abstract][Full Text]

            • 85. Shiba H, Aoki H, Misawa T, et al. Pneumoperitoneum caused by ruptured gas-containing liver abscess. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2007;14(2):210-1.[Abstract]

            • 86. Ukikusa M, Inomoto T, Kitai T, et al. Pneumoperitoneum following the spontaneous rupture of a gas-containing pyogenic liver abscess: report of a case. Surg Today. 2001;31(1):76-9.[Abstract]

            • 87. Ala A, Safar-Aly H, Millar A. Metallic cough and pyogenic liver abscess. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001 Aug;13(8):967-9.[Abstract]

            • 88. Costi R, Bataille N, Cazaban A, et al. Image of the month: cholecystocolonic fistula associated with Escherichia coli liver abscess. Arch Surg. 2009 May;144(5):481-2.[Abstract]

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            • 92. Tice AD, Rehm SJ, Dalovisio JR, et al. Practice guidelines for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy. IDSA guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jun 15;38(12):1651-72.[Abstract][Full Text]

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