Highlights & Basics
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is suspected in patients with a history of smoking, occupational and environmental risk factors, or a personal or family history of chronic lung disease.
- Presents with shortness of breath, wheeze, cough, and sputum production.
- Diagnostic tests include pulmonary function tests, chest x-ray, chest computed tomography scan, oximetry, and arterial blood gas analysis.
- Patients should be encouraged to stop smoking or occupational exposure and be vaccinated against viral influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Treatment options include bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, antibiotics, and mucolytics. Pulmonary rehabilitation improves exercise tolerance, dyspnea, and health-related quality of life, and reduces rehospitalizations and mortality.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Images
COPD chest x-ray (AP view): hyperinflated lung, flattened diaphragm, increased intercostal spaces
COPD chest x-ray (lateral view): hyperinflated lung, flattened diaphragm, increased antero-posterior diameter (barrel chest) in lateral view
COPD chest CT: hyperinflated lung, emphysematous changes, and increased antero-posterior diameter (barrel chest)
Initial pharmacological management of COPD
Escalation therapy for patients with COPD. Definition of abbreviations: ICS: inhaled corticosteroids; LABA: long-acting beta-2 agonists; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonists
Chest CT: severe COPD changes with right pneumothorax
Citations
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