Highlights & Basics
- Seizures in children may occur as a standalone event or may recur (epilepsy).
- Etiology can be structural, genetic, infectious, metabolic, immune, or unknown.
- An attempt should be made to identify the type(s) of epilepsy and the epilepsy syndrome by recognizing a pattern of seizure types, clinical features, etiologies, and electroencephalogram characteristics.
- Detailed history is of paramount importance in the diagnosis, as key diagnostic factors lie in the history as opposed to ancillary investigations.
- Treatment will vary depending on the epilepsy syndrome. Options include anticonvulsants, ketogenic diets, vagus nerve stimulation, and surgery, as well as consideration of lifestyle factors.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
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Citations
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Beniczky S, Trinka E, Wirrell E, et al. Updated classification of epileptic seizures: position paper of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2025 Jun;66(6):1804-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
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Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Cross JH, et al; ILAE Committee for Neuroimaging, Subcommittee for Pediatric Neuroimaging. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 Sep;50(9):2147-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: seizures and epilepsy. 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Zuberi SM, Wirrell E, Yozawitz E, et al. ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1349-97.[Abstract][Full Text]
Specchio N, Wirrell EC, Scheffer IE, et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1398-442.[Abstract][Full Text]
Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Auvin S, et al; Charlie Foundation; Matthew's Friends; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia Open. 2018 Jun;3(2):175-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
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