Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common adult disorder, thought to be persistence of childhood ADHD.
Diagnosed by clinical history. Self-report should not be the main source of information. Collateral history is extremely useful. Neuropsychological testing can be of use in some cases.
About 75% of adults with ADHD will have at least one other mental health disorder, often anxiety, mood disorders, personality disorders, or substance use disorders. There is also an association with autism spectrum disorder, dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dyspraxia.
ADHD as a primary condition is most clearly diagnosed when mood or anxiety disorders are not active. Treat obvious psychiatric disorders as normal and assess the effects of that treatment on cognition (attention, concentration, memory) carefully.
Stimulant medications (methylphenidate, amphetamine derivatives) are first-line treatment and nonstimulant medications, including atomoxetine, form second-line management.

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History & Exam
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Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Citations

Key Articles

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.
Kooij JJS, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, et al. Updated European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. Eur Psychiatry. 2019 Feb;56:14-34.[Abstract][Full Text]
Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, et al. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Sep;128:789-818.[Abstract][Full Text]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. Sep 2019 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) symptom checklist - 18 item
Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) Screener - 6 item
Children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (CHADD)
Helpguide.org: adult ADD/ADHD
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Referenced Articles

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