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Highlights & Basics
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition that is often unrecognized until the most advanced stages.
- Diagnosis is determined by laboratory studies: proteinuria or hematuria, and/or a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate, of more than 3 months' duration.
- Comorbidity is common and should always be considered in the diagnosis and management of people with CKD. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the most common causes of CKD and the most common comorbidities associated with CKD; they both lead to and complicate CKD.
- Glycemic control for diabetic kidney disease and optimization of blood pressures are key in slowing the progression of the disease. Use of agents that block the renin-angiotensin system and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have kidney function-preserving benefits that are independent of blood pressure and glucose control.
- CKD is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, independent of comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-314.[Abstract][Full Text]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic kidney disease: assessment and management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
Wong-You-Cheong JJ, Nikolaidis P, Katri G, et al; Expert Panel on Urologic Imaging. ACR appropriateness criteria® renal failure. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5s):S174-88.[Abstract][Full Text]
Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2021 Aug 28;398(10302):786-802.[Abstract]
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2017 Jul;7(1):1-59.[Full Text]
- BMJ talk medicine: chronic kidney disease
- CDC Kidney Disease Surveillance System: tracking and preventing kidney disease in America
- National Kidney Foundation: eGFR calculator
- BMJ Rapid Recommendation: SGLT2-inhibitors for adults with CKD
- CKD Prognosis Consortium: risk models
- The Kidney Failure Risk Equation
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