Achalasia

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5. Kim E, Lee H, Jung HK, et al. Achalasia in Korea: an epidemiologic study using a national healthcare database. J Korean Med Sci. 2014 Apr;29(4):576-80.[Abstract][Full Text]

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9. Harvey PR, Thomas T, Chandan JS, et al. Incidence, morbidity and mortality of patients with achalasia in England: findings from a study of nationwide hospital and primary care data. Gut. 2019 May;68(5):790-5.[Abstract]

10. Marlais M, Fishman JR, Fell JM, et al. UK incidence of achalasia: an 11-year national epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Feb;96(2):192-4.[Abstract]

11. Haisley KR, Preston JF, Dolan JP, et al. Twenty-year trends in the utilization of Heller myotomy for achalasia in the United States. Am J Surg. 2017 Aug;214(2):299-302.[Abstract]

12. Mayberry JF, Mayell MJ. Epidemiological study of achalasia in children. Gut. 1988 Jan;29(1):90-3.[Abstract][Full Text]

13. Sonnenberg A, Massey BT, McCarty DJ, et al. Epidemiology of hospitalization for achalasia in the United States. Dig Dis Sci. 1993 Feb;38(2):233-44.[Abstract]

14. Boeckxstaens GE, Zaninotto G, Richter JE. Achalasia. Lancet. 2014 Jan 4;383(9911):83-93.[Abstract][Full Text]

15. Booy JD, Takata J, Tomlinson G, et al. The prevalence of autoimmune disease in patients with esophageal achalasia. Dis Esophagus. 2012 Apr;25(3):209-13.[Abstract]

16. Kaar TK, Waldron R, Ashraf MS, et al. Familial infantile esophageal achalasia. Arch Dis Child. 1991 Nov;66(11):1353-4.[Abstract]

17. Patt H, Koehler K, Lodha S, et al. Phenotype-genotype spectrum of AAA syndrome from Western India and systematic review of literature. Endocr Connect. 2017 Nov;6(8):901-13.[Abstract][Full Text]

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19. Wouters MM, Lambrechts D, Becker J, et al. Genetic variation in the lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA)/tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) locus as a risk factor for idiopathic achalasia. Gut. 2014 Sep;63(9):1401-9.[Abstract]

20. Ates F, Vaezi MF. The pathogenesis and management of achalasia: current status and future directions. Gut Liver. 2015 Jul;9(4):449-63.[Abstract][Full Text]

21. Park W, Vaezi MF. Etiology and pathogenesis of achalasia: the current understanding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun;100(6):1404-14.[Abstract]

22. Blam ME, Delfyett W, Levine MS, et al. Achalasia: a disease of varied and subtle symptoms that do not correlate with radiographic findings. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Aug;97(8):1916-23.[Abstract]

23. Eckardt VF. Clinical presentations and complications of achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):281-92.[Abstract]

24. Eckardt VF, Stauf B, Bernhard G. Chest pain in achalasia: patient characteristics and clinical course. Gastroenterology. 1999 Jun;116(6):1300-4.[Abstract]

25. Kopelman Y, Triadafilopoulos G. Endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of motility disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Mar;56(3):635-54.[Abstract]

26. Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Imaging; Levy AD, Carucci LR, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Dysphagia. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 May;16(5s):S104-15.[Abstract][Full Text]

27. Spechler SJ, Castell DO. Classification of esophageal motility abnormalities. Gut. 2001 Jul;49(1):145-51.[Abstract]

28. Zaninotto G, Bennett C, Boeckxstaens G, et al. The 2018 ISDE achalasia guidelines. Dis Esophagus. 2018 Sep 1;31(9).[Abstract][Full Text]

29. Fox M. Multiple rapid swallowing in idiopathic achalasia: from conventional to high resolution manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007 Sep;19(9):780-1.[Abstract]

30. Kahrilas PJ, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the management of oesophageal motility disorders in the era of high-resolution manometry: a focus on achalasia syndromes. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Nov;14(11):677-88.[Abstract][Full Text]

31. Mariani G, Boni G, Barreca M, et al. Radionuclide gastroesophageal motor studies. J Nucl Med. 2004 Jun;45(6):1004-28.[Abstract]

32. Kostic SV, Rice TW, Baker ME, et al. Timed barium esophagogram: a simple physiologic assessment for achalasia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 Nov;120(5):935-43.[Abstract][Full Text]

33. Andersson M, Kostic S, Ruth M, et al. Characteristics of timed barium esophagogram in newly diagnosed idiopathic achalasia: clinical and manometric correlates. Acta Radiol. 2007 Feb;48(1):2-9.[Abstract]

34. McMahon BP, Frøkjaer JB, Liao D, et al. A new technique for evaluating sphincter function in visceral organs: application of the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) for the evaluation of the oesophago-gastric junction. Physiol Meas. 2005 Oct;26(5):823-36.[Abstract]

35. Carlson DA, Gyawali CP, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Esophageal motility classification can be established at the time of endoscopy: a study evaluating real-time functional luminal imaging probe panometry. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Dec;90(6):915-23.e1.[Abstract][Full Text]

36. Calabrese EC, Kindel T, Slater BJ, et al. 2024 update to SAGES guidelines for the use of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in the treatment of achalasia. Surg Endosc. 2025 Jul;39(7):4027-37.[Abstract]

37. Pandolfino JE, Kwiatek MA, Nealis T, et al. Achalasia: a new clinically relevant classification by high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology. 2008 Nov;135(5):1526-33.[Abstract][Full Text]

38. Fox M, Hebbard G, Janiak P, et al. High-resolution manometry predicts the success of oesophageal bolus transport and identifies clinically important abnormalities not detected by conventional manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004 Oct;16(5):533-42.[Abstract]

39. Gockel I, Eckardt VF, Schmitt T, et al. Pseudoachalasia: a case series and analysis of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr;40(4):378-85.[Abstract]

40. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Coelho-Prabhu N, Forbes N, et al. Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Sep;96(3):389-401.e1.[Abstract][Full Text]

41. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dysphagia. 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]

42. Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Yadlapati RH, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Sep;115(9):1393-411.[Abstract][Full Text]

43. Yang D, Bechara R, Dunst CM, et al. AGA clinical practice update on advances in per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and remaining questions-what we have learned in the past decade: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2024 Dec;167(7):1483-90.[Abstract][Full Text]

44. Borhan-Manesh F, Kaviani MJ, Taghavi AR. The efficacy of balloon dilation in achalasia is the result of stretching of the lower esophageal sphincter, not muscular disruption. Dis Esophagus. 2016 Apr;29(3):262-6.[Abstract]

45. van Hoeij FB, Prins LI, Smout AJPM, et al. Efficacy and safety of pneumatic dilation in achalasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019 Jul;31(7):e13548.[Abstract][Full Text]

46. Borotto E, Gaudric M, Danel B, et al. Risk factors of oesophageal perforation during pneumatic dilatation for achalasia. Gut. 1996 Jul;39(1):9-12.[Abstract][Full Text]

47. Katzka DA, Castell DO. Review article: an analysis of the efficacy, perforation rates and methods used in pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Oct;34(8):832-9.[Abstract]

48. Vanuytsel T, Lerut T, Coosemans W, et al. Conservative management of esophageal perforations during pneumatic dilation for idiopathic esophageal achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Feb;10(2):142-9.[Abstract]

49. Eckardt VF, Gockel I, Bernhard G. Pneumatic dilation for achalasia: late results of a prospective follow up investigation. Gut. 2004 May;53(5):629-33.[Abstract][Full Text]

50. Cheng P, Shi H, Zhang Y, et al. Clinical effect of endoscopic pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Jul;94(28):e1193.[Abstract][Full Text]

51. Legros L, Ropert A, Brochard C, et al. Long-term results of pneumatic dilatation for relapsing symptoms of achalasia after Heller myotomy. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014 Sep;26(9):1248-55.[Abstract][Full Text]

52. Andolfi C, Fisichella PM. Meta-analysis of clinical outcome after treatment for achalasia based on manometric subtypes. Br J Surg. 2019 Mar;106(4):332-41.[Abstract]

53. Moonen A, Annese V, Belmans A, et al. Long-term results of the European achalasia trial: a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Gut. 2016 May;65(5):732-9.[Abstract]

54. Ponds FA, Fockens P, Lei A, et al. Effect of peroral endoscopic myotomy vs pneumatic dilation on symptom severity and treatment outcomes among treatment-naive patients with achalasia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jul 9;322(2):134-44.[Abstract][Full Text]

55. Weber CE, Davis CS, Kramer HJ, et al. Medium and long-term outcomes after pneumatic dilation or laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia: a meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2012 Aug;22(4):289-96.[Abstract]

56. Bonifácio P, de Moura DTH, Bernardo WM, et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy in the treatment of achalasia: systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Dis Esophagus. 2019 Feb 1;32(2).[Abstract][Full Text]

57. Schoenberg MB, Marx S, Kersten JF, et al. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy versus endoscopic balloon dilatation for the treatment of achalasia: a network meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2013 Dec;258(6):943-52.[Abstract]

58. Rohof WO, Salvador R, Annese V, et al. Outcomes of treatment for achalasia depend on manometric subtype. Gastroenterology. 2013 Apr;144(4):718-25.[Abstract][Full Text]

59. Csendes A, Braghetto I, Burdiles P, et al. Very late results of esophagomyotomy for patients with achalasia: clinical, endoscopic, histologic, manometric, and acid reflux studies in 67 patients for a mean follow-up of 190 months. Ann Surg. 2006 Feb;243(2):196-203.[Abstract]

60. Midya S, Ghosh D, Mahmalat MW. Fundoplication in laparoscopic Heller's cardiomyotomy for achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Dec 8;(12):CD013386.[Abstract][Full Text]

61. Lake JM, Wong RK. Review article: the management of achalasia - a comparison of different treatment modalities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep 15;24(6):909-18.[Abstract]

62. Vela MF, Richter JE, Wachsberger D, et al. Complexities of managing achalasia at a tertiary referral center: use of pneumatic dilatation, Heller myotomy, and botulinum toxin injection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jun;99(6):1029-36.[Abstract]

63. Ali A, Pellegrini CA. Laparoscopic myotomy: technique and efficacy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):347-58.[Abstract]

64. NOSCAR POEM White Paper Committee., Stavropoulos SN, Desilets DJ, et al. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy white paper summary. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014 Jul;80(1):1-15.[Abstract][Full Text]

65. Kahrilas PJ, Katzka D, Richter JE. Clinical practice update: the use of per-oral endoscopic myotomy in achalasia: expert review and best practice advice from the AGA Institute. Gastroenterology. 2017 Nov;153(5):1205-11.[Abstract]

66. Schlottmann F, Luckett DJ, Fine J, et al. Laparoscopic heller myotomy versus peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2018 Mar;267(3):451-60.[Abstract]

67. Dirks RC, Kohn GP, Slater B, et al. Is peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) more effective than pneumatic dilation and Heller myotomy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2021 May;35(5):1949-62.[Abstract]

68. Triadafilopoulos G, Aaronson M, Sackel S, et al. Medical treatment of esophageal achalasia: double-blind crossover study with oral nifedipine, verapamil, and placebo. Dig Dis Sci. 1991 Mar;36(3):260-7.[Abstract]

69. Gelfond M, Rozen P, Gilat T. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine treatment of achalasia: a clinical, manometric and radionuclide evaluation. Gastroenterology. 1982 Nov;83(5):963-9.[Abstract]

70. Rozen P, Gelfond M, Salzman S, et al. Radionuclide confirmation of the therapeutic value of isosorbide dinitrate in relieving the dysphagia in achalasia. Journal Clin Gastroenterol. 1982 Feb;4(1):17-22.[Abstract]

71. Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al; GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with esophageal achalasia. Gut. 2000 May;46(5):597-600.[Abstract][Full Text]

72. Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilcox CM, et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):231-9.[Abstract][Full Text]

73. Leyden JE, Moss AC, MacMathuna P. Endoscopic pneumatic dilation versus botulinum toxin injection in the management of primary achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD005046.[Abstract][Full Text]

74. Hoogerwerf WA, Pasricha PJ. Pharmacologic therapy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):311-24.[Abstract]

75. Gomes CA Jr, Andriolo RB, Bennett C, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD008096.[Abstract][Full Text]

76. Duranceau A, Liberman M, Martin J, et al. End-stage achalasia. Dis Esophagus. 2012 May;25(4):319-30.[Abstract]

77. Wehrmann T, Kokabpick H, Jacobi V, et al. Long-term results of endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in elderly achalasic patients with tortuous megaesophagus or epiphrenic diverticulum. Endoscopy. 1999 Jun;31(5):352-8.[Abstract]

78. Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al; the GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. Comparison of two different formulations of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of esophageal achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Oct;13(10):1347-50.[Abstract]

79. Mikaeli J, Bishehsari F, Montazeri G, et al. Injection of botulinum toxin before pneumatic dilatation in achalasia treatment: a randomized-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep 15;24(6):983-9.[Abstract]

80. Frankhuisen R, van Herwaarden MA, Heijkoop R, et al. Persisting symptoms and decreased health-related quality-of-life in a cross-sectional study of treated achalasia patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Sep 15;26(6):899-904.[Abstract]

81. Brucher BL, Stein HJ, Bartels H, et al. Achalasia and esophageal cancer: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis. World J Surg. 2001 Jun;25(6):745-9.[Abstract]

82. Tustumi F, Bernardo WM, da Rocha JRM, et al. Esophageal achalasia: a risk factor for carcinoma. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus. 2017 Oct 1;30(10):1-8.[Abstract]

83. Dunaway PM, Wong RK. Risk and surveillance intervals for squamous cell carcinoma in achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Apr;11(2):425-34.[Abstract]

84. Zendehdel K, Nyrén O, Edberg A, et al. Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in achalasia patients, a retrospective cohort study in Sweden. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;106(1):57-61.[Abstract]

85. Ravi K, Geno DM, Katzka DA. Esophageal cancer screening in achalasia: is there a consensus? Dis Esophagus. 2015 Apr;28(3):299-304.[Abstract]