Overview of vertigo

Related Diseases & Conditions

• Evaluation of dizziness

  Summary

  Patients may use the term dizziness to describe vertigo, presyncope, disequilibrium and lightheadedness (or nonspecific dizziness). Dizziness is a common symptom: the prevalence in the general population ranges from 15% to 30%, and approaches 50% for patients ages over 85 years.[3] [4]​​​[5]​ The most common etiologies in a primary care setting are vestibular, cardiovascular, neurologic, and psychogenic.[6] These all present with vertigo symptoms.
• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo 

  Summary

  A peripheral vestibular disorder characterized by sudden-onset, severe attacks of vertigo usually lasting <30 seconds and precipitated by specific head movements (e.g., looking up or bending down, getting up, turning the head, or rolling over to one side in bed).[7] Primary (idiopathic) benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) has a peak incidence between 50 and 70 years of age, but can occur in any age group.[8]​ Diagnosis is clinical with other key diagnostic factors including episodic vertigo (repeated attacks over days, weeks, or months), absence of associated neurologic or otologic symptoms, normal neurologic exam, and positive Dix-Hallpike maneuver (posterior canal BPPV) or positive supine lateral head turn (lateral canal BPPV).
• Meniere disease

  Summary

  Auditory and vestibular disease characterized by an episodic, sudden onset of vertigo; hearing loss and roaring tinnitus; and a sensation of pressure or discomfort in the affected ear. Vertigo lasts minutes to hours and may be associated with nausea and vomiting. Hearing loss is usually worse during acute attacks, especially in early stages of the disease. As the disease progresses, hearing loss increases in severity and may become constant. Meniere's disease (MD) is primarily a disease of adulthood, although several cases have been reported in children. Onset usually occurs in the fourth decade.[9]​ Risk factors for MD include positive family history, recent viral infection, and autoimmune disorders.
• Labyrinthitis

  Summary

  An inflammatory condition, which affects the labyrinth in the cochlea and vestibular system of the inner ear. Viral labyrinthitis is typically associated with a preceding upper respiratory tract infection. Other etiologic viral agents include varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, mumps, measles, rubella, and HIV.[10] [11]​​ Bacterial labyrinthitis is associated with acute or chronic otitis media, meningitis, and cholesteatoma. Labyrinthitis may also manifest in certain autoimmune inner ear conditions (e.g., Cogan syndrome or Behcet disease).[12] Patients typically present with severe room-spinning vertigo and associated nausea and vomiting. They may have unilateral hearing loss and tinnitus. Most acute episodes are short-lived and self-limited.
• Vestibular migraine

  Summary

  A common cause of vertigo and the most common cause of spontaneous episodic vertigo.[1]​​[13] It affects approximately 20% of patients with migraine.[14]​ Symptoms include spontaneous and positional vertigo, head motion vertigo/dizziness and ataxia, all of variable duration, ranging from seconds to days, and independent of migraine associated headache.[1]​​[13]​ Photophobia, phonophobia, or aura may be diagnostic symptoms.[1]​
• Vestibular neuritis

  Summary

  ​Balance disorders may be caused by disorders at the level of the vestibular apparatus, cerebellum or brainstem, extrapyramidal, spinal cord, or neuromuscular system. A thorough history will indicate the most likely system to be causing the balance disorder. Balance disorders should be distinguished from syncope or presyncope, in which degrees of loss of consciousness occur and which are likely to be due to cardiovascular or neurovascular causes, and require urgent evaluation. The prevalence of balance problems at ages 70 years is reported to be 36% in women and 29% in men.[15]
• Cerebrovascular causes

  Summary

  Dizziness is a common presenting feature in cerebrovascular events. Cerebellar stroke (due to infarction or hemorrhage) may present in a similar fashion to peripheral causes of vertigo with sudden intense vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. Nystagmus (bilateral or vertical) may suggest a central cause of the vertigo. Other neurologic signs include limb ataxia and impaired gait. Patients with cerebellar stroke usually cannot stand without support, even with the eyes open, whereas a patient with acute vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis is usually able to do so. Unlike peripheral causes, the head-impulse test is negative (no saccadic adjustment of the eyes on sudden head twisting).[16] Urgent magnetic resonance imaging should be requested in all patients with acute vertigo who have significant risk factors for a cerebellar stroke, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and cardiovascular disease, since it is possible that central signs on exam may not present.
• Post-traumatic vertigo

  Summary

  Typically, occurs as a result of blunt head trauma such as a fall, an assault, or a motor vehicle accident. Presenting symptoms may be of a traumatic perilymphatic fistula or post-traumatic Meniere disease.[17] Patients may complain of vertigo, disequilibrium, tinnitus, pressure, headache, and diplopia. Other causes are postsurgical (middle-ear surgery, cochlear implantation) and diving.[18] [19] [20] Superior semicircular canal dehiscence should be differentiated from post-traumatic vertigo; it is characterized by episodes of vertigo associated with loud sounds and/or altered middle-ear pressure.[21]
• Neoplastic causes

  Summary

  Intracranial tumors and vestibular schwannomas may present with vertigo, as well as other symptoms such as signs of intracranial pressure (e.g., headache, altered mental status, nausea, and/or vomiting) and gait abnormality. Cranial nerve deficits may also manifest.[16] Neuroimaging with computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging is essential.