Highlights & Basics
- Tics are brief, sudden, repetitive movements and/or sounds that increase with stress, anxiety, transitions, or excitement.
- Tics occur most commonly in children and adolescents, with boys more frequently affected than girls.
- The exact pathophysiologic mechanisms are unknown, but the disorders are likely to be due to disturbances of the cortico-striatal-thalamo-circuitry.
- Comorbid conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, ADHD, and anxiety are common.
- Tics are often intermittent and mild in children and may not require treatment. Treatment is indicated only for patients whose tics are interfering with activities of daily living or social interactions, or who experience significant tic-related physical pain.
Quick Reference
History & Exam
Key Factors
Other Factors
Diagnostics Tests
Treatment Options
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Citations
Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;52(12):1341-59.[Abstract][Full Text]
Plessen KJ, Bansal R, Peterson BS. Imaging evidence for anatomical disturbances and neuroplastic compensation in persons with Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009 Dec;67(6):559-73.[Abstract][Full Text]
Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Müller-Vahl K, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):896-906.[Abstract][Full Text]
Pringsheim T, Holler-Managan Y, Okun MS, et al. Comprehensive systematic review summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):907-15.[Abstract][Full Text]
Kuo SH, Jimenez-Shahed J. Topiramate in treatment of Tourette syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Jan-Feb;33(1):32-4.[Abstract]
Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;48(9):884-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
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