Cervical cancer - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Cervical cancer is a human papillomavirus (HPV)-related malignancy, preventable by HPV vaccination and screening.
Cervical cancer screening by cytology testing alone, cytology and HPV co-testing, or primary HPV testing may detect preinvasive disease.
Patients are commonly asymptomatic at presentation, and identified following screening. Patients with advanced disease may present with symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding, postcoital bleeding, vaginal discharge, pelvic or back pain, dyspareunia, or obstructive uropathy.
Staging using International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics criteria is based on clinical assessment. Where available, imaging (ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography [PET], PET/computed tomography [CT], CT) are used to evaluate the local extent of disease and to screen for metastases, which may guide treatment planning.
For microinvasive disease, treatment with cone biopsy or extrafascial (simple) hysterectomy is recommended.

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
More information...
Diagnostics Tests
More information...
Treatment Options
More information...

Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

MRI for treatment planning
Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET for treatment planning, metastatic activity
Cervical cancer stage I
Cervical cancer stage II
Cervical cancer stage III

Citations

Key Articles

Marth C, Landoni F, Mahner S, et al. Cervical cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(suppl_4):iv72-83.[Abstract]
Fontham ETH, Wolf AMD, Church TR, et al. Cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk: 2020 guideline update from the American Cancer Society CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Sep;70(5):321-46.[Abstract][Full Text]
Bhatla N, Aoki D, Sharma DN, et al. Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2021 update. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021 Oct;155 Suppl 1(suppl 1):28-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: cervical cancer [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

CDC: child and adolescent immunization schedule by age
CDC: adult immunization schedule by age

Referenced Articles

1. WHO Classification of Tumors Editorial Board. Female genital tumors. In: World Health Organization. Classification of tumors. 5th ed (vol. 4). World Health Organization, IARC Press; 5th ed (vol. 4). 2020.
2. World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer: fact sheet. Aug 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
3. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Cancer stat facts: cervical cancer. 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
4. Louie KS, de Sanjose S, Diaz M, et al. Early age at first sexual intercourse and early pregnancy are risk factors for cervical cancer in developing countries. Br J Cancer. 2009 Apr 7;100(7):1191-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
5. International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer. Cervical carcinoma and sexual behavior: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 15,461 women with cervical carcinoma and 29,164 women without cervical carcinoma from 21 epidemiological studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Apr;18(4):1060-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
6. International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer; Appleby P, Beral V, Berrington de González A, et al. Carcinoma of the cervix and tobacco smoking: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 13,541 women with carcinoma of the cervix and 23,017 women without carcinoma of the cervix from 23 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer. 2006 Mar 15;118(6):1481-95.[Abstract][Full Text]
7. Liu G, Sharma M, Tan N, et al. HIV-positive women have higher risk of human papilloma virus infection, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer. AIDS. 2018 Mar 27;32(6):795-808.[Abstract][Full Text]
8. Hessol NA, Whittemore H, Vittinghoff E, et al. Incidence of first and second primary cancers diagnosed among people with HIV, 1985-2013: a population-based, registry linkage study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Nov;5(11):e647-55.[Abstract]
9. Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, et al. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007 Jul 7;370(9581):59-67.[Abstract]
10. Parikh S, Brennan P, Boffetta P. Meta-analysis of social inequality and the risk of cervical cancer. Int J Cancer. 2003 Jul 10;105(5):687-91.[Abstract][Full Text]
11. González CA, Travier N, Luján-Barroso L, et al. Dietary factors and in situ and invasive cervical cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Int J Cancer. 2011 Jul 19;129(2):449-59.[Abstract][Full Text]
12. International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer., Appleby P, Beral V, et al. Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,573 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 2007 Nov 10;370(9599):1609-21.[Abstract]
13. Landy R, Pesola F, Castañón A, et al. Impact of cervical screening on cervical cancer mortality: estimation using stage-specific results from a nested case-control study. Br J Cancer. 2016 Oct 25;115(9):1140-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
14. Vesco KK, Whitlock EP, Eder M, et al. Screening for cervical cancer: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2011 May.[Abstract][Full Text]
15. Lei J, Ploner A, Elfström KM, et al. HPV vaccination and the risk of invasive cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 1;383(14):1340-48.[Abstract][Full Text]
16. Kjaer SK, Dehlendorff C, Belmonte F, et al. Real-world effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination against cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021 Oct 1;113(10):1329-35.[Abstract][Full Text]
17. Guo F, Cofie LE, Berenson AB. Cervical cancer incidence in young U.S. females after human papillomavirus vaccine introduction. Am J Prev Med. 2018 Aug;55(2):197-204.[Abstract][Full Text]
18. Falcaro M, Castañon A, Ndlela B, et al. The effects of the national HPV vaccination programme in England, UK, on cervical cancer and grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia incidence: a register-based observational study. Lancet. 2021 Dec 4;398(10316):2084-92.[Abstract]
19. Liao CI, Francoeur AA, Kapp DS, et al. Trends in human papillomavirus-associated cancers, demographic characteristics, and vaccinations in the US, 2001-2017. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Mar 1;5(3):e222530.[Abstract][Full Text]
20. Rahangdale L, Mungo C, O'Connor S, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cancer risk. BMJ. 2022 Dec 15;379:e070115.[Abstract][Full Text]
21. Bonjour M, Charvat H, Franco EL, et al. Global estimates of expected and preventable cervical cancers among girls born between 2005 and 2014: a birth cohort analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2021 Jul;6(7):e510-21.[Abstract][Full Text]
22. Sharma K, Machalek DA, Toh ZQ, et al. No woman left behind: achieving cervical cancer elimination among women living with HIV. Lancet HIV. 2023 Jun;10(6):e412-20.[Abstract]
23. World Health Organization. Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. November 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
24. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol. 1999 Sep;189(1):12-9.[Abstract]
25. Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 Feb 6;348(6):518-27.[Abstract][Full Text]
26. Castellsague X, Diaz M, de Sanjose S, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus etiology of cervical adenocarcinoma and its cofactors: implications for screening and prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Mar 1;98(5):303-15.[Abstract]
27. Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, et al. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 12;338(7):423-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
28. Franco EL, Villa LL, Sobrinho JP, et al. Epidemiology of acquisition and clearance of cervical human papillomavirus infection in women from a high-risk area for cervical cancer. J Infect Dis. 1999 Nov;180(5):1415-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Chapter 5: Human papillomavirus. Mar 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
30. Mayrand MH, Duarte-Franco E, Rodrigues I, et al; Canadian Cervical Cancer Screening Trial Study Group. Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 18;357(16):1579-88.[Abstract][Full Text]
31. Watson RA. Human papillomavirus: confronting the epidemic - a urologist's perspective. Rev Urol. 2005 Summer;7(3):135-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
32. Schwarz E, Freese UK, Gissmann L, et al. Structure and transcription of human papillomavirus sequences in cervical carcinoma cells. Nature. 1985 Mar 7-13;314(6006):111-4.[Abstract]
33. Yim EK, Park JS. The role of HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins in HPV-associated cervical carcinogenesis. Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Dec;37(6):319-24.[Abstract][Full Text]
34. Ferenczy A, Franco E. Persistent human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia. Lancet Oncol. 2002 Jan;3(1):11-6.[Abstract]
35. Kelly H, Weiss HA, Benavente Y, et al. Association of antiretroviral therapy with high-risk human papillomavirus, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cervical cancer in women living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet HIV. 2018 Jan;5(1):e45-58.[Abstract][Full Text]
36. Castellsagué X, Muñoz N. Chapter 3: Cofactors in human papillomavirus carcinogenesis: role of parity, oral contraceptives, and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2003;(31):20-8.[Abstract]
37. International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer. Comparison of risk factors for invasive squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 8,097 women with squamous cell carcinoma and 1,374 women with adenocarcinoma from 12 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer. 2007 Feb 15;120(4):885-91.[Abstract]
38. Iversen L, Sivasubramaniam S, Lee AJ, et al. Lifetime cancer risk and combined oral contraceptives: the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jun;216(6):580.e1-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
39. International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer. Cervical carcinoma and reproductive factors: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 16,563 women with cervical carcinoma and 33,542 women without cervical carcinoma from 25 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer. 2006 Sep 1;119(5):1108-24.[Abstract][Full Text]
40. Potischman N, Brinton LA. Nutrition and cervical neoplasia. Cancer Causes Control. 1996 Jan;7(1):113-26.[Abstract]
41. Xu L, Tan Y, Xiang P, et al. Diet-related risk factors for cervical cancer: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2018. Nutr Cancer. 2023;75(10):1892-9.[Abstract]
42. Yeo AS, Schiff MA, Montoya G, et al. Serum micronutrients and cervical dysplasia in Southwestern American Indian women. Nutr Cancer. 2000;38(2):141-50.[Abstract]
43. Cao D, Shen K, Li Z, et al. Association between vitamin C Intake and the risk of cervical neoplasia: a meta-analysis. Nutr Cancer. 2016;68(1):48-57.[Abstract]
44. Hu X, Li S, Zhou L, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on uterine cervical neoplasm: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 22;12(8):e0183395.[Abstract][Full Text]
45. Sikström B, Hellberg D, Nilsson S, et al. Smoking, alcohol, sexual behaviour and drug use in women with cervical human papillomavirus infection. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1995;256(3):131-7.[Abstract]
46. Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE, et al. A 9-valent HPV vaccine against infection and intraepithelial neoplasia in women. N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb 19;372(8):711-23.[Abstract][Full Text]
47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Supplemental information and guidance for vaccination providers regarding use of 9-valent HPV vaccine. Nov 2016 [internet publication].[Full Text]
48. Munoz N, Manalastas R Jr, Pitisuttithum P, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24-45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2009 Jun 6;373(9679):1949-57.[Abstract]
49. Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, et al. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 21;347(21):1645-51.[Abstract]
50. Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, et al. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Nov 13-19;364(9447):1757-65.[Abstract]
51. Arbyn M, Xu L, Simoens C, et al. Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 9;(5):CD009069.[Abstract][Full Text]
52. Brisson M, Kim JJ, Canfell K, et al. Impact of HPV vaccination and cervical screening on cervical cancer elimination: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):575-90.[Abstract][Full Text]
53. Marth C, Landoni F, Mahner S, et al. Cervical cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(suppl_4):iv72-83.[Abstract]
54. Braaten KP, Laufer MR. Human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV-related disease, and the HPV vaccine. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Winter;1(1):2-10.[Abstract][Full Text]
55. Restrepo J, Herrera T, Samakoses R, et al. Ten-year follow-up of 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine: immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety. Pediatrics. 2023 Oct 1;152(4):e2022060993.[Abstract][Full Text]
56. Kreimer AR, Sampson JN, Porras C, et al. Evaluation of durability of a single dose of the bivalent HPV vaccine: the CVT trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020 Oct 1;112(10):1038-46.[Abstract][Full Text]
57. Basu P, Malvi SG, Joshi S, et al. Vaccine efficacy against persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 infection at 10 years after one, two, and three doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine in girls in India: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Nov;22(11):1518-29.[Abstract][Full Text]
58. Barnabas RV, Brown ER, Onono MA, et al. Efficacy of single-dose HPV vaccination among young African women. NEJM Evid. 2022 Jun;1(5):EVIDoa2100056.[Abstract][Full Text]
59. World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, December 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
60. Saslow D, Andrews KS, Manassaram-Baptiste D, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination 2020 guideline update: American Cancer Society guideline adaptation. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Jul;70(4):274-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
61. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. 2024 [internet publication].[Full Text]
62. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Adolescent Health Care, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Immunization, Infectious Disease, and Public Health Preparedness Expert Work Group. Human papillomavirus vaccination: ACOG committee opinion, number 809. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Aug;136(2):e15-21.[Abstract][Full Text]
63. Meites E, Szilagyi PG, Chesson HW, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination for adults: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Aug 16;68(32):698-702.[Abstract][Full Text]
64. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Adjuvant human papillomavirus vaccination for patients undergoing treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+. Jul 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
65. Sharpless KE, Marcus JZ, Kuroki LM, et al. ASCCP committee opinion: adjuvant human papillomavirus vaccine for patients undergoing treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2023 Jan 1;27(1):93-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
66. Parazzini F, Negri E, La Vecchia C, et al. Barrier methods of contraception and the risk of cervical neoplasia. Contraception. 1989 Nov;40(5):519-30.[Abstract]
67. Erbelding EJ, Zenilman JM. Toward better control of sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17;352(7):720-1.[Abstract]
68. Bulkmans NW, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA testing for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cancer: 5-year follow-up of a randomised controlled implementation trial. Lancet. 2007 Nov 24;370(9601):1764-72.[Abstract]
69. Cortessis VK, Barrett M, Brown Wade N, et al. Intrauterine device use and cervical cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;130(6):1226-36.[Abstract]
70. Spotnitz ME, Natarajan K, Ryan PB, et al. Relative risk of cervical neoplasms among copper and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system users. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Feb;135(2):319-27.[Abstract][Full Text]
71. Jandorf L, Fatone A, Borker PV, et al. Creating alliances to improve cancer prevention and detection among urban medically underserved minority groups: the East Harlem Partnership for Cancer Awareness. Cancer. 2006 Oct 15;107(8 suppl):2043-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
72. Siebers AG, Klinkhamer PJ, Grefte JM, et al. Comparison of liquid-based cytology with conventional cytology for detection of cervical cancer precursors: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Oct 28;302(16):1757-64.[Abstract][Full Text]
73. Fontham ETH, Wolf AMD, Church TR, et al. Cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk: 2020 guideline update from the American Cancer Society CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Sep;70(5):321-46.[Abstract][Full Text]
74. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Updated cervical cancer screening guidelines. April 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
75. Koliopoulos G, Nyaga VN, Santesso N, et al. Cytology versus HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in the general population. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 10;(8):CD008587.[Abstract][Full Text]
76. Ogilvie GS, van Niekerk D, Krajden M, et al. Effect of screening with primary cervical HPV testing vs cytology testing on high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia at 48 months: the HPV FOCAL randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Jul 3;320(1):43-52.[Abstract][Full Text]
77. Melnikow J, Henderson JT, Burda BU, et al. Screening for cervical cancer with high-risk human papillomavirus testing: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018 Aug 21;320(7):687-705.[Abstract][Full Text]
78. Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al. The 2001 Bethesda system: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA. 2002 Apr 24;287(16):2114-9.[Abstract]
79. Nayar R, Wilbur DC. The Pap test and Bethesda 2014. Cancer Cytopathol. 2015 May;123(5):271-81.[Abstract][Full Text]
80. Wang J, Andrae B, Sundström K, et al. Risk of invasive cervical cancer after atypical glandular cells in cervical screening: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2016 Feb 11;352:i276.[Abstract][Full Text]
81. National Cancer Institute Workshop. The 1988 Bethesda System for reporting cervical/vaginal cytological diagnoses. JAMA. 1989 Aug 18;262(7):931-4.[Abstract]
82. Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP risk-based management consensus guidelines for abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2020 Apr;24(2):102-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
83. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Updated guidelines for management of cervical cancer screening abnormalities. October 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
84. Bhatla N, Aoki D, Sharma DN, et al. Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2021 update. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021 Oct;155 Suppl 1(suppl 1):28-44.[Abstract][Full Text]
85. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: cervical cancer [internet publication].[Full Text]
86. Patel-Lippmann K, Robbins JB, Barroilhet L, et al. MR imaging of cervical cancer. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2017 Aug;25(3):635-49.[Abstract]
87. Fischerova D, Cibula D, Stenhova H, et al. Transrectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in staging of early cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008 Jul-Aug;18(4):766-72.[Abstract]
88. Benedet JL, Bender H, Jones H 3rd, et al. FIGO staging classifications and clinical practice guidelines in the management of gynecologic cancers. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000 Aug;70(2):209-62.[Abstract]
89. Choi HJ, Ju W, Myung SK, et al. Diagnostic performance of computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography or positron emission tomography/computer tomography for detection of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with cervical cancer: meta-analysis. Cancer Sci. 2010 Jun;101(6):1471-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
90. Unger JB, Ivy JJ, Connor P, et al. Detection of recurrent cervical cancer by whole-body FDG PET scan in asymptomatic and symptomatic women. Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Jul;94(1):212-6.[Abstract]
91. Loft A, Berthelsen AK, Roed H, et al. The diagnostic value of PET/CT scanning in patients with cervical cancer: a prospective study. Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Jul;106(1):29-34.[Abstract]
92. Gee MS, Atri M, Bandos AI, et al. Identification of distant metastatic disease in uterine cervical and endometrial cancers with FDG PET/CT: analysis from the ACRIN 6671/GOG 0233 multicenter trial. Radiology. 2018 Apr;287(1):176-84.[Abstract][Full Text]
93. Schmidt D, Bergeron C, Denton KJ, et al. p16/ki-67 dual-stain cytology in the triage of ASCUS and LSIL Papanicolaou cytology: results from the European equivocal or mildly abnormal Papanicolaou cytology study. Cancer Cytopathol. 2011 Jun 25;119(3):158-66.[Abstract][Full Text]
94. US Food and Drug Administration. Recently Approved Devices: Ventana Medical Systems CINtec PLUS Cytology - P190024. 16 April 2020 [internet publication]. [Full Text]
95. Bhatla N, Berek JS, Cuello Fredes M, et al. Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019 Apr;145(1):129-35.[Abstract]
96. Corrigendum to "Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the cervix uteri" [Int J Gynecol Obstet 145(2019) 129-135]. 2019 Nov;147(2):279-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
97. Union for International Cancer Control Classification. UICC and the TNM classification of malignant tumours. June 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
98. US Preventive Services Task Force; Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al. Screening for cervical cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Aug 21;320(7):674-86.[Abstract][Full Text]
99. WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions for cervical cancer prevention [Internet]. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.[Abstract][Full Text]
100. World Health Organization. WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions for cervical cancer prevention, second edition: use of mRNA tests for human papillomavirus (‎HPV)‎. Dec 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
101. Biggar RJ, Chaturvedi AK, Goedert JJ, et al. AIDS-related cancer and severity of immunosuppression in persons with AIDS. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Jun 20;99(12):962-72.[Abstract]
102. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: pretreatment evaluation and follow-up of invasive cancer of the cervix. 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
103. Chuang LT, Temin S, Berek JS, et al. Management and care of patients with invasive cervical cancer: ASCO resource-stratified guideline rapid recommendation update. JCO Glob Oncol. 2022 Mar;8:e2200027.[Abstract][Full Text]
104. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021: HPV-associated cancers and precancers. 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
105. Huh WK, Ault KA, Chelmow D, et al. Use of primary high-risk human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening: interim clinical guidance. Gynecol Oncol. 2015 Feb;136(2):178-82.[Abstract]
106. Kyrgiou M, Athanasiou A, Paraskevaidi M, et al. Adverse obstetric outcomes after local treatment for cervical preinvasive and early invasive disease according to cone depth: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016 Jul 28;354:i3633.[Abstract][Full Text]
107. Bentivegna E, Gouy S, Maulard A, et al. Oncological outcomes after fertility-sparing surgery for cervical cancer: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jun;17(6):e240-53.[Abstract]
108. Reynolds AC, McKenzie LJ. Cancer treatment-related ovarian dysfunction in women of childbearing potential: management and fertility preservation options. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Apr 20;41(12):2281-92.[Abstract][Full Text]
109. Alonso-Espías M, Gorostidi M, Gracia M, et al. Role of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer uUndergoing radical hysterectomy. J Pers Med. 2023 Oct 12;13(10):1486.[Abstract][Full Text]
110. Rodriguez J, Viveros-Carreño D, Pareja R. Adjuvant treatment after radical surgery for cervical cancer with intermediate risk factors: is it time for an update? Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2022 Oct 3;32(10):1219-26.[Abstract]
111. Querleu D, Morrow CP. Classification of radical hysterectomy. Lancet Oncol. 2008 Mar;9(3):297-303.[Abstract]
112. Schmeler KM, Pareja R, Lopez Blanco A, et al. ConCerv: a prospective trial of conservative surgery for low-risk early-stage cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2021 Oct;31(10):1317-25.[Abstract][Full Text]
113. Kietpeerakool C, Aue-Aungkul A, Galaal K, et al. Nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy compared to standard radical hysterectomy for women with early stage cervical cancer (stage Ia2 to IIa). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Feb 12;(2):CD012828.[Abstract][Full Text]
114. Bizzarri N, Querleu D, Dostálek L, et al. Survival associated with extent of radical hysterectomy in early-stage cervical cancer: a subanalysis of the Surveillance in Cervical CANcer (SCCAN) collaborative study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Oct;229(4):428.e1-428.e12.[Abstract][Full Text]
115. Ramirez PT, Frumovitz M, Pareja R, et al. Minimally invasive versus abdominal radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 31;379(20):1895-904.[Abstract]
116. Uppal S, Gehrig PA, Peng K, et al. Recurrence rates in patients with cervical cancer treated with abdominal versus minimally invasive radical hysterectomy: a multi-institutional retrospective review study. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Apr 1;38(10):1030-40.[Abstract]
117. Melamed A, Margul DJ, Chen L, et al. Survival after minimally invasive radical hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 31;379(20):1905-14.[Abstract]
118. Fader AN. Surgery in cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 Oct 31;379(20):1955-7.[Abstract]
119. Falconer H, Palsdottir K, Stalberg K, et al. Robot-assisted approach to cervical cancer (RACC): an international multi-center, open-label randomized controlled trial. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2019 Jul;29(6):1072-6.[Abstract]
120. ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial of robotic versus open hysterectomy surgery in cervix cancer (ROCC). April 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
121. Gien LT, Covens A. Fertility-sparing options for early stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2010 May;117(2):350-7.[Abstract]
122. Slama J, Runnebaum IB, Scambia G, et al. Analysis of risk factors for recurrence in cervical cancer patients after fertility-sparing treatment: the FERTIlity Sparing Surgery retrospective multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Apr;228(4):443.e1-443.e10.[Abstract]
123. Lintner B, Saso S, Tarnai L, et al. Use of abdominal radical trachelectomy to treat cervical cancer greater than 2 cm in diameter. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2013 Jul;23(6):1065-70.[Abstract]
124. Wethington SL, Sonoda Y, Park KJ, et al. Expanding the indications for radical trachelectomy: a report on 29 patients with stage IB1 tumors measuring 2 to 4 centimeters. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2013 Jul;23(6):1092-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
125. Li J, Wu X, Li X, et al. Abdominal radical trachelectomy: Is it safe for IB1 cervical cancer with tumors ≥ 2 cm? Gynecol Oncol. 2013 Oct;131(1):87-92.[Abstract]
126. Pareja R, Rendón GJ, Sanz-Lomana CM, et al. Surgical, oncological, and obstetrical outcomes after abdominal radical trachelectomy - a systematic literature review. Gynecol Oncol. 2013 Oct;131(1):77-82.[Abstract]
127. Salvo G, Ramirez PT, Leitao MM, et al. Open vs minimally invasive radical trachelectomy in early-stage cervical cancer: International Radical Trachelectomy Assessment Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Jan;226(1):97.e1-97.e16.[Abstract][Full Text]
128. Bentivegna E, Maulard A, Pautier P, et al. Fertility results and pregnancy outcomes after conservative treatment of cervical cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Fertil Steril. 2016 Oct;106(5):1195-211;e5.[Abstract][Full Text]
129. Kuznicki ML, Chambers LM, Morton M, et al. Fertility-sparing surgery for early-stage cervical cancer: a systematic review of the literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2021 Mar;28(3):513-26.e1.[Abstract]
130. Nezhat C, Roman RA, Rambhatla A, et al. Reproductive and oncologic outcomes after fertility-sparing surgery for early stage cervical cancer: a systematic review. Fertil Steril. 2020 Apr;113(4):685-703.[Abstract][Full Text]
131. Chino J, Annunziata CM, Beriwal S, et al. Radiation therapy for cervical cancer: executive summary of an ASTRO clinical practice guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2020 Jul-Aug;10(4):220-34.[Abstract][Full Text]
132. Landoni F, Colombo A, Milani R, et al. Randomized study between radical surgery and radiotherapy for the treatment of stage IB-IIA cervical cancer: 20-year update. J Gynecol Oncol. 2017 May;28(3):e34.[Abstract][Full Text]
133. Lanciano RM, Won M, Coia LR, et al. Pretreatment and treatment factors associated with improved outcome in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a final report of the 1973 and 1978 patterns of care studies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Apr;20(4):667-76.[Abstract]
134. Hanks GE, Herring DF, Kramer S. Patterns of care outcome studies: results of the national practice in cancer of the cervix. Cancer. 1983 Mar 1;51(5):959-67.[Abstract][Full Text]
135. Coia L, Won M, Lanciano R, et al. The patterns of care outcome study for cancer of the uterine cervix: results of the second national practice survey. Cancer. 1990 Dec 15;66(12):2451-6.[Abstract]
136. Montana GS, Martz KL, Hanks GE. Patterns and sites of failure in cervix cancer treated in the U.S.A. in 1978. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):87-93.[Abstract]
137. Pötter R, Tanderup K, Schmid MP, et al. MRI-guided adaptive brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer (EMBRACE-I): a multicentre prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Apr;22(4):538-47.[Abstract]
138. Sturdza AE, Knoth J. Image-guided brachytherapy in cervical cancer including fractionation. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2022 Mar;32(3):273-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
139. Schmid MP, Lindegaard JC, Mahantshetty U, et al. Risk factors for local failure following chemoradiation and magnetic resonance image-guided brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer: results from the EMBRACE-I study. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Apr 1;41(10):1933-42.[Abstract]
140. Green JA, Kirwan JM, Tierney JF, et al. Survival and recurrence after concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for cancer of the uterine cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2001 Sep 8;358(9284):781-6.[Abstract]
141. Green J, Kirwan J, Tierney J, et al. Concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer of the uterine cervix. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD002225.[Abstract][Full Text]
142. Rose PG, Ali S, Watkins E, et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial comparing concurrent single agent cisplatin, cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, or hydroxyurea during pelvic irradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 1;25(19):2804-10.[Abstract][Full Text]
143. Eifel PJ, Winter K, Morris M, et al. Pelvic irradiation with concurrent chemotherapy versus pelvic and para-aortic irradiation for high-risk cervical cancer: an update of radiation therapy oncology group trial (RTOG) 90-01. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Mar 1;22(5):872-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
144. Dueñas-González A, Zarbá JJ, Patel F, et al. Phase III, open-label, randomized study comparing concurrent gemcitabine plus cisplatin and radiation followed by adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin versus concurrent cisplatin and radiation in patients with stage IIB to IVA carcinoma of the cervix. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 1;29(13):1678-85.[Abstract][Full Text]
145. Whitney CW, Sause W, Bundy BN, et al. Randomized comparison of fluorouracil plus cisplatin versus hydroxyurea as an adjunct to radiation therapy in stage IIB-IVA carcinoma of the cervix with negative para-aortic lymph nodes: a Gynecologic Oncology Group and Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1999 May;17(5):1339-48.[Abstract]
146. Rose PG, Bundy BN, Watkins EB, et al. Concurrent cisplatin-based radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 15;340(15):1144-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
147. Cormier B, Diaz JP, Shih K, et al. Establishing a sentinel lymph node mapping algorithm for the treatment of early cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2011 Aug;122(2):275-80.[Abstract][Full Text]
148. Lécuru F, Mathevet P, Querleu D, et al. Bilateral negative sentinel nodes accurately predict absence of lymph node metastasis in early cervical cancer: results of the SENTICOL study. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 1;29(13):1686-91.[Abstract][Full Text]
149. Peters WA 3rd, Liu PY, Barrett RJ 2nd, et al. Concurrent chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy compared with pelvic radiation therapy alone as adjuvant therapy after radical surgery in high-risk early-stage cancer of the cervix. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Apr;18(8):1606-13.[Abstract]
150. Morris M, Eifel PJ, Lu J, et al. Pelvic radiation with concurrent chemotherapy compared with pelvic and para-aortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 15;340(15):1137-43.[Abstract][Full Text]
151. Keys HM, Bundy BN, Stehman FB, et al. Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999 Apr 15;340(15):1154-61.[Abstract][Full Text]
152. Monk BJ, Sill MW, McMeekin DS, et al. Phase III trial of four cisplatin-containing doublet combinations in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 1;27(28):4649-55.[Abstract][Full Text]
153. Kitagawa R, Katsumata N, Shibata T, et al. Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus paclitaxel plus cisplatin in metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer: the open-label randomized phase III trial JCOG0505. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 1;33(19):2129-35.[Abstract][Full Text]
154. Long HJ 3rd, Bundy BN, Grendys EC Jr, et al. Randomized phase III trial of cisplatin with or without topotecan in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20;23(21):4626-33.[Abstract][Full Text]
155. Tewari KS, Sill MW, Penson RT, et al. Bevacizumab for advanced cervical cancer: final overall survival and adverse event analysis of a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial (Gynecologic Oncology Group 240). Lancet. 2017 Oct 7;390(10103):1654-63.[Abstract][Full Text]
156. Colombo N, Dubot C, Lorusso D, et al. Pembrolizumab for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 11;385(20):1856-67.[Abstract][Full Text]
157. Monk BJ, Tewari KS, Dubot C, et al. Health-related quality of life with pembrolizumab or placebo plus chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer (KEYNOTE-826): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Apr;24(4):392-402.[Abstract][Full Text]
158. Trifiletti DM, Swisher-McClure S, Showalter TN, et al. Postoperative chemoradiation therapy in high-risk cervical cancer: re-evaluating the findings of Gynecologic Oncology Group Study 109 in a large, population-based cohort. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015 Dec 1;93(5):1032-44.[Abstract]
159. Sedlis A, Bundy BN, Rotman MZ, et al. A randomized trial of pelvic radiation therapy versus no further therapy in selected patients with stage IB carcinoma of the cervix after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 1999 May;73(2):177-83.[Abstract]
160. Kim H, Park W, Kim YS, et al. Chemoradiotherapy is not superior to radiotherapy alone after radical surgery for cervical cancer patients with intermediate-risk factor. J Gynecol Oncol. 2020 May;31(3):e35.[Abstract][Full Text]
161. ClinicalTrials.gov (US). Radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy in patients with stage I-IIA cervical cancer who previously underwent surgery (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01101451). May 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
162. Höckel M, Dornhöfer N. Pelvic exenteration for gynaecological tumours: achievements and unanswered questions. Lancet Oncol. 2006 Oct;7(10):837-47.[Abstract]
163. Peccatori FA, Azim HA Jr, Orecchia R, et al. Cancer, pregnancy and fertility: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013 Oct;24(suppl 6):vi160-70.[Abstract][Full Text]
164. Amant F, Berveiller P, Boere IA, et al. Gynecologic cancers in pregnancy: guidelines based on a third international consensus meeting. Ann Oncol. 2019 Oct 1;30(10):1601-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
165. Zagouri F, Sergentanis TN, Chrysikos D, et al. Platinum derivatives during pregnancy in cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Feb;121(2 Pt 1):337-43.[Abstract]
166. McCormack M, Gallardo Rincón D, Eminowicz G. A randomised phase III trial of induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation compared with chemoradiation alone in locally advanced cervical cancer: the GCIG INTERLACE trial. Ann Oncol. 2023;34(suppl)2S1-2:S1276.[Full Text]
167. Janku F, Wheler JJ, Westin SN, et al. PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in patients with breast and gynecologic malignancies harboring PIK3CA mutations. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Mar 10;30(8):777-82.[Abstract][Full Text]
168. Juric D, Rodon J, Tabernero J, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha-selective inhibition with alpelisib (BYL719) in PIK3CA-altered solid tumors: results from the first-in-human study. J Clin Oncol. 2018 May 1;36(13):1291-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
169. Wallecha A, French C, Petit R, et al. Lm-LLO-based immunotherapies and HPV-associated disease. J Oncol. 2012;2012:542851.[Abstract][Full Text]
170. Basu P, Mehta AO, Jain MM, et al. ADXS11-001 immunotherapy targeting HPV-E7: final results from a phase 2 study in Indian women with recurrent cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:5(suppl);5610.
171. Huh WK, Dizon DS, Powell MA, et al. ADXS11-001 immunotherapy in squamous or non-squamous persistent/recurrent metastatic cervical cancer: results from stage I of the phase II GOG/NRG0265 study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:S5516.[Full Text]
172. Basu P, Mehta A, Jain M, et al. A randomized phase 2 study of ADXS11-001 Listeria monocytogenes-listeriolysin O immunotherapy with or without cisplatin in treatment of advanced cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2018 May;28(4):764-72.[Abstract][Full Text]
173. ClinicalTrials.gov. A phase II study of balstilimab independently or in combination with zalifrelimab in advanced cervical cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05033132). Aug 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
174. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of camrelizumab combined with concurrent chemoradiation in patients with cervical cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04974827). Aug 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
175. ClinicalTrials.gov. Camrelizumab combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the treatment of recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04884906). May 2021 [internet publication].[Abstract][Full Text]
176. ClinicalTrials.gov. Nivolumab-ipilimumab and chemoradiation for cervical cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05492123). Dec 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
177. Keam SJ. Cadonilimab: First Approval. Drugs. 2022 Aug;82(12):1333-39.[Abstract]
178. Gao X, Xu N, Li Z, et al. Safety and antitumour activity of cadonilimab, an anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody, for patients with advanced solid tumours (COMPASSION-03): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1b/2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Oct;24(10):1134-46.[Abstract]
179. Trimble CL, Morrow MP, Kraynyak KA, et al. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of VGX-3100, a therapeutic synthetic DNA vaccine targeting human papillomavirus 16 and 18 E6 and E7 proteins for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial. Lancet. 2015 Nov 21;386(10008):2078-88.[Abstract][Full Text]
180. Bhuyan PK, Dallas M, Kraynyak K, et al. Durability of response to VGX-3100 treatment of HPV16/18 positive cervical HSIL. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021 May 4;17(5):1288-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
181. Stevanović S, Draper LM, Langhan MM, et al. Complete regression of metastatic cervical cancer after treatment with human papillomavirus-targeted tumor-infiltrating T cells. J Clin Oncol. 2015 May 10;33(14):1543-50.[Abstract][Full Text]
182. Rydzewska L, Tierney J, Vale CL, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery versus surgery for cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;(12):CD007406.[Abstract][Full Text]
183. Zou W, Han Y, Zhang Y, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage IB2-IIB cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0225264.[Abstract][Full Text]
184. Marchetti C, Fagotti A, Tombolini V, et al. Survival and toxicity in neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery versus definitive chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2020 Feb;83:101945.[Abstract]
185. Rock CL, Thomson CA, Sullivan KR, et al. American Cancer Society nutrition and physical activity guideline for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022 May;72(3):230-62.[Abstract][Full Text]
186. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
187. Schneider BJ, Naidoo J, Santomasso BD, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Dec 20;39(36):4073-126.[Abstract][Full Text]
188. American College of Radiology; American Brachytherapy Society. ACR-ABS practice parameter for the performance of radionuclide-based high-dose-rate brachytherapy. 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
189. American College of Radiology; American Brachytherapy Society. ACR-ABS practice parameter for the performance of low-dose-rate brachytherapy. 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
190. Cancer Care Ontario. Systemic therapy for recurrent, metastatic, or persistent cervical cancer. Nov 2014 [internet publication].[Full Text]
191. Friedlander M, Grogan M; US Preventive Services Task Force. Guidelines for the treatment of recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer. Oncologist. 2002;7(4):342-7.[Abstract][Full Text]
192. Elit L, Fyles AW, Oliver TK, et al. Follow-up for women after treatment for cervical cancer. Curr Oncol. 2010 Jun;17(3):65-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
193. Suk R, Mahale P, Sonawane K, et al. Trends in risks for second primary cancers associated with index human papillomavirus-associated cancers. JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Sep 7;1(5):e181999.[Abstract][Full Text]
194. Aue-Aungkul A, Kietpeerakool C, Rattanakanokchai S, et al. Postoperative interventions for preventing bladder dysfunction after radical hysterectomy in women with early-stage cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 25;(1):CD012863.[Abstract][Full Text]
195. Qian M, Wang L, Xing J, et al. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women with cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health Med. 2023 Feb;28(2):494-508.[Abstract]
196. Shan X, Qian M, Wang L, et al. Prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunction and sexual dysfunction in cervical cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2023 Mar;34(3):655-64.[Abstract]
197. Cianci S, Tarascio M, Arcieri M, et al. Post treatment sexual function and quality of life of patients affected by cervical cancer: a systematic review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Apr 4;59(4):704.[Abstract][Full Text]
198. Kirchheiner K, Nout RA, Lindegaard JC, et al. Dose-effect relationship and risk factors for vaginal stenosis after definitive radio(chemo)therapy with image-guided brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer in the EMBRACE study. Radiother Oncol. 2016 Jan;118(1):160-6.[Abstract]
199. Penson RT, Wenzel LB, Vergote I, et al. Quality of life considerations in gynecologic cancer: FIGO 6th annual report on the results of treatment in gynecological cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006 Nov;95(suppl 1):S247-57.[Abstract]
200. Fokdal L, Pötter R, Kirchheiner K, et al. Physician assessed and patient reported urinary morbidity after radio-chemotherapy and image guided adaptive brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2018 Jun;127(3):423-30.[Abstract]
201. Jensen NBK, Pötter R, Kirchheiner K, et al. Bowel morbidity following radiochemotherapy and image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for cervical cancer: Physician- and patient reported outcome from the EMBRACE study. Radiother Oncol. 2018 Jun;127(3):431-9.[Abstract]
202. Zhou X, Yao Z, Bai H, et al. Treatment-related adverse events of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapies in clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Sep;22(9):1265-74.[Abstract]
203. Naqash AR, Moey MYY, Cherie Tan XW, et al. Major adverse cardiac events with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a pooled analysis of trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute-Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Oct 10;40(29):3439-52.[Abstract][Full Text]
204. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: management of immunotherapy-related toxicities [internet publication].[Full Text]
205. Haanen J, Obeid M, Spain L, et al. Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022 Dec;33(12):1217-38.[Abstract][Full Text]
206. Laenens D, Yu Y, Santens B, et al. Incidence of cardiovascular events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Oct 10;40(29):3430-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
207. Salani R, Backes FJ, Fung MF, et al. Posttreatment surveillance and diagnosis of recurrence in women with gynecologic malignancies: Society of Gynecologic Oncologists recommendations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;204(6):466-78.[Abstract][Full Text]
208. Cibula D, Raspollini MR, Planchamp F, et al. ESGO/ESTRO/ESP Guidelines for the management of patients with cervical cancer - Update 2023. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2023 May 1;33(5):649-66.[Abstract][Full Text]