Cataracts - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Cataracts are the most common cause of curable blindness in the world.
Diagnosis is made by the detection of a decrease in visual acuity that cannot be corrected by refractive correction, and an eye exam that is otherwise normal apart from opacity in the crystalline lens.
Treatment is with surgery involving an incision into the eye and removal of the opacified crystalline lens. In most cases the cataract is replaced by an artificial lens made of polymethyl methacrylate, acrylic, or silicone.
If an implant lens is not used, or there is remaining refractive error (e.g., astigmatism that is uncorrected by the implant lens), the patient may need to wear either a contact lens or spectacles to achieve good postoperative vision. Adjunctive procedures may be done at the time of surgery or afterward to correct residual refractive error.
Over time, some patients develop an opacification of the posterior capsule behind the implant lens. This condition is treated with the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, which creates an opening in the opacified membrane to restore vision.

Morgagnian cataract: a late end-stage cataract

From the personal collection of M. Bowes Hamill, MD

Quick Reference

History & Exam
- Key Factors
- Other Factors
More information...
Diagnostics Tests
More information...
Treatment Options
More information...

Definition

Epidemiology

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Images

Traumatic cataract and iris trauma
Foldable intraocular lens starting to unfold in the empty lens capsule after insertion
Morgagnian cataract: a late end-stage cataract

Citations

Key Articles

American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: cataract in the adult eye. Nov 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Cataract/anterior segment summary benchmark - 2023. Dec 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Cataracts in adults: management. Oct 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

Hill-RBF 3.0 Calculator
Ladas Super Formula
Kane Formula
Barrett Universal II Formula
Barrett Toric Calculator
ASCRS Calculator
Barrett True-K Formula
National Eye Institute: facts about cataract
British Columbia Guidelines: cataracts - treatment of adults: a guide for patients
Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK: understanding cataracts

Referenced Articles

1. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk factors associated with age-related nuclear and cortical cataract: a case-control study in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, AREDS Report No. 5. Ophthalmology. 2001 Aug;108(8):1400-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
2. Soustov LV, Chelnokov EV, Sapogova NV, et al. Investigation of the mechanisms of crystalline aggregation induced by pulsed laser UV irradiation at 308 nm [in Russian]. Biofizika. 2008 Jul-Aug;53(4):582-97.[Abstract]
3. Hashemi H, Pakzad R, Yekta A, et al. Global and regional prevalence of age-related cataract: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond). 2020 Aug;34(8):1357-70.[Abstract][Full Text]
4. National Eye Institute. Cataract tables. Feb 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
5. Royal National Institute of Blind People. Sight loss data tool. Dec 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
6. GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Feb;9(2):e144-60.[Abstract][Full Text]
7. World Health Organization. Blindness and vision impairment. Aug 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
8. Lane M, Lane V, Abbott J, et al. Multiple deprivation, vision loss, and ophthalmic disease in adults: global perspectives. Surv Ophthalmol. 2018 May-Jun;63(3):406-36.[Abstract]
9. Ang MJ, Afshari NA. Cataract and systemic disease: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021 Mar;49(2):118-27.[Abstract]
10. Kiziltoprak H, Tekin K, Inanc M, et al. Cataract in diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2019 Mar 15;10(3):140-53.[Abstract][Full Text]
11. Rice JB, White AG, Scarpati LM, et al. Long-term systemic corticosteroid exposure: a systematic literature review. Clin Ther. 2017 Nov;39(11):2216-29.[Abstract][Full Text]
12. Pleyer U, Ursell PG, Rama P. Intraocular pressure effects of common topical steroids for post-cataract inflammation: are they all the same? Ophthalmol Ther. 2013 Dec;2(2):55-72.[Abstract][Full Text]
13. Beebe DC, Holekamp NM, Shui YB. Oxidative damage and the prevention of age-related cataracts. Ophthalmic Res. 2010;44(3):155-65.[Abstract][Full Text]
14. Chan AW, Ho YS, Chung SK, et al. Synergistic effect of osmotic and oxidative stress in slow-developing cataract formation. Exp Eye Res. 2008 Nov;87(5):454-61.[Abstract]
15. Patnaik JL, Grove N, Elson G, et al. Prevalence of cortical cataracts by sex, race, and ethnicity in a Colorado cohort. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2024 Mar 1;50(3):301-3.[Abstract][Full Text]
16. Chang JR, Koo E, Agrón E, et al. Risk factors associated with incident cataracts and cataract surgery in the Age-related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): AREDS report number 32. Ophthalmology. 2011 Nov;118(11):2113-9.[Abstract][Full Text]
17. Zetterberg M, Celojevic D. Gender and cataract - the role of estrogen. Curr Eye Res. 2015 Feb;40(2):176-90.[Abstract]
18. Kai JY, Zhou M, Li DL, et al. Smoking, dietary factors and major age-related eye disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Br J Ophthalmol. 2023 Dec 18;108(1):51-7.[Abstract]
19. Ye J, He J, Wang C, et al. Smoking and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Jun 22;53(7):3885-95.[Abstract][Full Text]
20. Beltrán-Zambrano E, García-Lozada D, Ibáñez-Pinilla E. Risk of cataract in smokers: a meta-analysis of observational studies. [in spa]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed). 2019 Feb;94(2):60-74.[Abstract]
21. Lee HJ, Kim CH, Lee JS, et al. Association between cataract and cotinine-verified smoking status in 11 435 Korean adults using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2008 to 2016. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2020 Jan;46(1):45-54.[Abstract]
22. Pollreisz A, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Diabetic cataract-pathogenesis, epidemiology and treatment. J Ophthalmol. 2010;2010:608751.[Abstract][Full Text]
23. Jancevski M, Foster CS. Cataracts and uveitis. Discov Med. 2010 Jan;9(44):51-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
24. Papaliodis GN, Rosner BA, Dreger KA, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for cataract in anterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023 Oct;254:221-32.[Abstract]
25. Pan CW, Cheng CY, Saw SM, et al. Myopia and age-related cataract: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013 Nov;156(5):1021-33;e1.[Abstract]
26. Della Vecchia E, Modenese A, Loney T, et al. Risk of cataract in health care workers exposed to ionizing radiation: a systematic review. Med Lav. 2020 Aug 31;111(4):269-84.[Abstract][Full Text]
27. Niazi S, Moshirfar M, Dastjerdi MH, et al. Association between obesity and age-related cataract: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Front Nutr. 2024 Jan 31:10:1215212.[Abstract][Full Text]
28. Hiller R, Podgor MJ, Sperduto RD, et al. A longitudinal study of body mass index and lens opacities. The framingham studies. Ophthalmology. 1998 Jul;105(7):1244-50.[Abstract]
29. Zhang J, Wang W, Yang G, et al. Body mass index is not associated with early onset cataract in the 45 and up cohort study. Ann Transl Med. 2021 Nov;9(22):1640.[Abstract][Full Text]
30. Tan AG, Kifley A, Flood VM, et al. Evaluating the associations between obesity and age-related cataract: a Mendelian randomization study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Oct 1;110(4):969-76.[Abstract][Full Text]
31. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. 9. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Oct;119(10):1439-52.[Abstract][Full Text]
32. Gritz DC, Srinivasan M, Smith SD, et al. The Antioxidants in Prevention of Cataracts Study: effects of antioxidant supplements on cataract progression in South India. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jul;90(7):847-51.[Abstract][Full Text]
33. Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, et al. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13;6(6):CD004567.[Abstract][Full Text]
34. Maraini G, Sperduto RD, Ferris F, et al; Clinical Trial of Nutritional Supplements and Age-Related Cataract Study Group. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of multivitamin supplementation for age-related lens opacities. Clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract report no. 3. Ophthalmology. 2008 Apr;115(4):599-607;e1.[Abstract]
35. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: cataract in the adult eye. Nov 2021 [internet publication].[Full Text]
36. Donahue SP, Baker CN, Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, et al. Procedures for the evaluation of the visual system by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2016 Jan;137(1):10.[Abstract][Full Text]
37. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for impaired visual acuity in older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. 2022 [internet publication].[Abstract][Full Text]
38. Chou R, Bougatsos C, Jungbauer R, et al. Screening for impaired visual acuity in older adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2022 Jun 7;327(21):2129-40.[Abstract][Full Text]
39. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Cataract/anterior segment summary benchmark - 2023. Dec 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
40. Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric Eye Evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-70.[Abstract][Full Text]
41. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation. Nov 2020 [internet publication].[Full Text]
42. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Frequency of ocular examinations - 2015. Mar 2015 [internet publication].[Full Text]
43. Assi L, Chamseddine F, Ibrahim P, et al. A global assessment of eye health and quality of life: a systematic review of systematic reviews. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021 May 1;139(5):526-41.[Abstract][Full Text]
44. Government of British Columbia. Cataract - treatment of adults. May 2023 [internet publication].[Full Text]
45. Yang L, Li H, Zhao X, et al. Association between cataract surgery and age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2022 May 5:2022:6780901.[Abstract][Full Text]
46. Chen Z, Zeng Y, Tian F. Effect of cataract surgery on the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Nov 4;101(44):e31566.[Abstract][Full Text]
47. Casparis H, Lindsley K, Kuo IC, et al. Surgery for cataracts in people with age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 16;2(2):CD006757.[Abstract][Full Text]
48. NHS England. New guidance to help teams deliver more high flow cataract surgery to tackle waiting list backlog. Feb 2022 [internet publication].[Full Text]
49. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Cataracts in adults: management. Oct 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]
50. Vazquez-Ferreiro P, Carrera-Hueso FJ, Poquet Jornet JE, et al. Intraoperative complications of phacoemulsification in pseudoexfoliation: metaanalysis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2016 Nov;42(11):1666-75.[Abstract]
51. Seitzman GD. Cataract surgery in Fuchs' dystrophy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005 Aug;16(4):241-5.[Abstract]
52. Lunacek A, Mohamad Al-Ali B, Radmayr C, et al. Ten years of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome in the era of alpha-blockers. Cent European J Urol. 2018;71(1):98-104.[Abstract][Full Text]
53. Christou CD, Esagian SM, Ziakas N, et al. Factors predisposing to intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome: an up-to-date meta-analysis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2022 Nov 1;48(11):1335-41.[Abstract]
54. Chatziralli IP, Sergentanis TN. Risk factors for intraoperative floppy iris syndrome: a meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2011 Apr;118(4):730-5.[Abstract]
55. Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology. Clinical practice guidelines: management of cataract among adults. Apr 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]
56. Keay L, Lindsley K, Tielsch J, et al. Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 8;(1):CD007293.[Abstract][Full Text]
57. Lawrence D, Fedorowicz Z, van Zuuren EJ. Day care versus in-patient surgery for age-related cataract. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 2;2015(11):CD004242.[Abstract][Full Text]
58. Minakaran N, Ezra DG, DS Allan B. Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification cataract surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 July 28;(7):CD005276.[Full Text]
59. Hovanesian JA, Sheppard JD, Trattler WB, et al. Intracameral phenylephrine and ketorolac during cataract surgery to maintain intraoperative mydriasis and reduce postoperative ocular pain: integrated results from 2 pivotal phase 3 studies. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015 Oct;41(10):2060-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
60. Alhassan MB, Kyari F, Ejere HO. Peribulbar versus retrobulbar anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 2;2015(7):CD004083.[Abstract][Full Text]
61. Simon SS, Chee YE, Haddadin RI, et al. Achieving target refraction after cataract surgery. Ophthalmology. 2014 Feb;121(2):440-4.[Abstract][Full Text]
62. Brogan K, Diaper CJM, Rotchford AP. Cataract surgery refractive outcomes: representative standards in a National Health Service setting. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019 Apr;103(4):539-43.[Abstract][Full Text]
63. Lake JC, Victor G, Clare G, et al. Toric intraocular lens versus limbal relaxing incisions for corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 17;(12):CD012801.[Abstract][Full Text]
64. Zhou F, Jiang W, Lin Z, et al. Comparative meta-analysis of toric intraocular lens alignment accuracy in cataract patients: image-guided system versus manual marking. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2019 Sep;45(9):1340-5.[Abstract]
65. Cochener B; Concerto Study Group. Clinical outcomes of a new extended range of vision intraocular lens: International Multicenter Concerto Study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2016 Sep;42(9):1268-75.[Abstract]
66. Ruiz-Mesa R, Abengózar-Vela A, Aramburu A, et al. Comparison of visual outcomes after bilateral implantation of extended range of vision and trifocal intraocular lenses. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2017;27:460-465.[Abstract]
67. Liu J, Dong Y, Wang Y. Efficacy and safety of extended depth of focus intraocular lenses in cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019 Sep 2;19(1):198.[Abstract][Full Text]
68. de Silva SR, Evans JR, Kirthi V, et al. Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 12;12(12):CD003169.[Abstract][Full Text]
69. Agresta B, Knorz MC, Kohnen T, et al. Distance and near visual acuity improvement after implantation of multifocal intraocular lenses in cataract patients with presbyopia: a systematic review. J Refract Surg. 2012 Jun;28(6):426-35.[Abstract]
70. Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Tuuminen R. Multifocal intraocular lenses and retinal diseases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020 Apr;258(4):805-13.[Abstract][Full Text]
71. Zamora-de La Cruz D, Bartlett J, Gutierrez M, et al. Trifocal intraocular lenses versus bifocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction among participants with presbyopia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 27;1(1):CD012648.[Abstract][Full Text]
72. Ong HS, Evans JR, Allan BD. Accommodative intraocular lens versus standard monofocal intraocular lens implantation in cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 May 1;(5):CD009667.[Abstract][Full Text]
73. Goldberg DG, Goldberg MH, Shah R, et al. Pseudophakic mini-monovision: high patient satisfaction, reduced spectacle dependence, and low cost. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018 Nov 9;18(1):293.[Abstract][Full Text]
74. Rodov L, Reitblat O, Levy A, et al. Visual outcomes and patient satisfaction for trifocal, extended depth of focus and monofocal intraocular lenses. J Refract Surg. 2019 Jul 1;35(7):434-40.[Abstract]
75. Ang M, Evans JR, Mehta JS. Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) with posterior chamber intraocular lens versus extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with posterior chamber intraocular lens for age-related cataract. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 18;2014(11):CD008811.[Abstract][Full Text]
76. Núñez MX, Henriquez MA, Escaf LJ, et al. Consensus on the management of astigmatism in cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019 Feb 11;13:311-24.[Abstract][Full Text]
77. Yuhan Ong A, M Ng S, Swaroop Vedula S, et al. Lens extraction for chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 24;3(3):CD005555.[Abstract][Full Text]
78. Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P, Huerva V, et al. Diabetes and phacoemulsification cataract surgery: difficulties, risks and potential complications. J Clin Med. 2019 May 20;8(5):716.[Abstract][Full Text]
79. International Council of Ophthalmology. Updated 2017 ICO guidelines for diabetic eye care. 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]
80. Feng Y, Zhu S, Skiadaresi E, et al. Phacoemulsification cataract surgery with prophylactic intravitreal bevacizumab for patients with coexisting diabetic retinopathy: a meta-analysis. Retina. 2019 Sep;39(9):1720-31.[Abstract]
81. Steinle NC, Lampen SIR, Wykoff CC. The Intersection of Diabetes Mellitus and Cataract Surgery: Current State of Management. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018 Feb;2(2):83-85.[Abstract]
82. Singh RP, Lehmann R, Martel J, et al. Nepafenac 0.3% after cataract surgery in patients with diabetic retinopathy: results of 2 randomized phase 3 studies. Ophthalmology. 2017 Jun;124(6):776-85.[Abstract][Full Text]
83. Wielders LH, Lambermont VA, Schouten JS, et al. Prevention of cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015 Nov;160(5):968-81;e33.[Abstract]
84. Downie LE, Busija L, Keller PR. Blue-light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 22;(5):CD011977.[Abstract][Full Text]
85. Singh S, Keller PR, Busija L, et al. Blue-light filtering spectacle lenses for visual performance, sleep, and macular health in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Aug 18;8(8):CD013244.[Abstract][Full Text]
86. Vagge A, Ferro Desideri L, Del Noce C, et al. Blue light filtering ophthalmic lenses: a systematic review. Semin Ophthalmol. 2021 Oct 3;36(7):541-8.[Abstract]
87. Downie LE, Wormald R, Evans J, et al. Analysis of a systematic review about blue light-filtering intraocular lenses for retinal protection: understanding the limitations of the evidence. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019 Jun 1;137(6):694-7.[Abstract]
88. Narayan A, Evans JR, O'Brart D, et al. Laser-assisted cataract surgery versus standard ultrasound phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 23;6(6):CD010735.[Abstract][Full Text]
89. Popovic M, Campos-Möller X, Schlenker MB, et al. Efficacy and safety of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery compared with manual cataract surgery: a meta-analysis of 14 567 eyes. Ophthalmology. 2016 Oct;123(10):2113-26.[Abstract]
90. Kolb CM, Shajari M, Mathys L, et al. Comparison of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery and conventional cataract surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2020 Aug;46(8):1075-85.[Abstract][Full Text]
91. Lin CC, Rose-Nussbaumer JR, Al-Mohtaseb ZN, et al. Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2022 Aug;129(8):946-54.[Abstract][Full Text]
92. Park MJ, Bang CW, Han SY. Precision pulse capsulotomy in challenging cataract surgery cases. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:1361-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
93. Safuri S, Duvdevan N, Socea S, et al. Precision pulse capsulotomy complicated by radial tear of the anterior capsule: a proposed mechanism. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2019 Nov;45(11):1680-1.[Abstract]
94. Hooshmand J, Abell RG, Allen P, et al. Thermal capsulotomy: initial clinical experience, intraoperative performance, safety, and early postoperative outcomes of precision pulse capsulotomy technology. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018 Mar;44(3):355-61.[Abstract]
95. US Food and Drug Administration. Summary of safety and effectiveness data (SSED). 2017 [internet publication].[Full Text]
96. Schojai M, Schultz T, Schulze K, et al. Long-term follow-up and clinical evaluation of the light-adjustable intraocular lens implanted after cataract removal: 7-year results. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2020 Jan;46(1):8-13.[Abstract]
97. Dickman MM, Spekreijse LS, Winkens B, et al. Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Apr 25;4(4):CD013270.[Abstract][Full Text]
98. Aiello F, Gallo Afflitto G, Leviste K, et al. Immediate sequential vs delayed sequential bilateral cataract surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2023 Nov 1;49(11):1168-79.[Abstract][Full Text]
99. Kessel L, Andresen J, Erngaard D, et al. Immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:912481.[Abstract][Full Text]
100. Peeler CE, Villani CM, Fiorello MG, et al. Patient satisfaction with oral versus intravenous sedation for cataract surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2019 Sep;126(9):1212-8.[Abstract]
101. Woodcock MG, Lehmann R, Cionni RJ, et al. Intraoperative aberrometry versus standard preoperative biometry and a toric IOL calculator for bilateral toric IOL implantation with a femtosecond laser: one-month results. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2016 Jun;42(6):817-25.[Abstract]
102. Raufi N, James C, Kuo A, et al. Intraoperative aberrometry vs modern preoperative formulas in predicting intraocular lens power. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2020 Jun;46(6):857-61.[Abstract]
103. Ladas JG, Siddiqui AA, Devgan U, et al. A 3-D "super surface" combining modern intraocular lens formulas to generate a "super formula" and maximize accuracy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015 Dec;133(12):1431-6.[Abstract][Full Text]
104. Darcy K, Gunn D, Tavassoli S, et al. Assessment of the accuracy of new and updated intraocular lens power calculation formulas in 10 930 eyes from the UK National Health Service. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2020 Jan;46(1):2-7.[Abstract]
105. Xia T, Martinez CE, Tsai LM. Update on intraocular lens formulas and calculations. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2020 May-Jun;9(3):186-93.[Abstract][Full Text]
106. Melles RB, Holladay JT, Chang WJ. Accuracy of intraocular lens calculation formulas. Ophthalmology. 2018 Feb;125(2):169-78.[Abstract][Full Text]
107. Wen D, Yu J, Zeng Z, et al. Network meta-analysis of no-history methods to calculate intraocular lens power in eyes with previous myopic laser refractive surgery. J Refract Surg . 2020 Jul 1;36(7):481-90. [Abstract][Full Text]
108. Wei L, Meng J, Qi J, et al. Comparisons of intraocular lens power calculation methods for eyes with previous myopic laser refractive surgery: Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2021 Aug 1;47(8):1011-8.[Abstract]
109. Walters T, Endl M, Elmer TR, et al. Sustained-release dexamethasone for the treatment of ocular inflammation and pain after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015 Oct;41(10):2049-59.[Abstract]
110. Tyson SL, Bafna S, Gira JP, et al. Multicenter randomized phase 3 study of a sustained-release intracanalicular dexamethasone insert for treatment of ocular inflammation and pain after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2019 Feb;45(2):204-12.[Abstract][Full Text]
111. Edwards TL, Xue K, Meenink HCM, et al. First-in-human study of the safety and viability of intraocular robotic surgery. Nat Biomed Eng. 2018 Jun 18;2:649-56.[Abstract]
112. Bourcier T, Chammas J, Becmeur PH, et al. Robotically assisted pterygium surgery: first human case. Cornea. 2015 Oct;34(10):1329-30.[Abstract]
113. Jackson ML, Virgili G, Shepherd JD, et al. Vision rehabilitation preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P271-335.[Abstract][Full Text]
114. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Clinical statement: routine preoperative laboratory testing for patients scheduled for cataract surgery. 2014 [internet publication].[Full Text]
115. Pershing S, Lum F, Hsu S, et al. Endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in the United States: a report from the intelligent research in sight registry, 2013-2017. Ophthalmology. 2020 Feb;127(2):151-8.[Abstract][Full Text]
116. Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group. Results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study: a randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Oct;43(suppl 1):S7-57.[Abstract]
117. Gower EW, Lindsley K, Tulenko SE, et al. Perioperative antibiotics for prevention of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 13;(2):CD006364. [Abstract][Full Text]
118. Shorstein NH, Winthrop KL, Herrinton LJ. Decreased postoperative endophthalmitis rate after institution of intracameral antibiotics in a Northern California eye department. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013 Jan;39(1):8-14.[Abstract]
119. Linertová R, Abreu-González R2, García-Pérez L, et al. Intracameral cefuroxime and moxifloxacin used as endophthalmitis prophylaxis after cataract surgery: systematic review of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014 Aug 14;8:1515-22.[Abstract][Full Text]
120. Bowen RC, Zhou AX, Bondalapati S, et al. Comparative analysis of the safety and efficacy of intracameral cefuroxime, moxifloxacin and vancomycin at the end of cataract surgery: a meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018 Sep;102(9):1268-76.[Abstract][Full Text]
121. Briceno-Lopez C, Burguera-Giménez N, García-Domene MC, et al. Corneal edema after cataract surgery. J Clin Med. 2023 Oct 25;12(21):6751.[Abstract][Full Text]
122. Malvankar-Mehta MS, Fu A, Subramanian Y, et al. Impact of ophthalmic viscosurgical devices in cataract surgery. J Ophthalmol. 2020 Oct 20:2020:7801093.[Abstract][Full Text]
123. Holló G, Aung T, Cantor LB, et al. Cystoid macular edema related to cataract surgery and topical prostaglandin analogs: mechanism, diagnosis, and management. Surv Ophthalmol. 2020 Sep-Oct;65(5):496-512.[Abstract][Full Text]
124. Lim BX, Lim CH, Lim DK, et al. Prophylactic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 1;(11):CD006683. [Abstract][Full Text]
125. Wingert AM, Liu SH, Lin JC, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents for treating cystoid macular edema following cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Dec 15;12(12):CD004239.[Abstract][Full Text]
126. Juthani VV, Clearfield E, Chuck RS. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs versus corticosteroids for controlling inflammation after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 3;7(7):CD010516.[Abstract][Full Text]
127. Alessio G, Boscia F, Caporossi A, et al. Dexamethasone implants in patients with diabetic macular edema undergoing cataract surgery: Italian expert panel consensus statements. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021 May;31(3):1122-7.[Abstract]
128. Grzybowski A, Brockmann T, Kanclerz P, et al. Dexamethasone intraocular suspension: a long-acting therapeutic for treating inflammation associated with cataract surgery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Dec;35(10):525-34.[Abstract]
129. KhalafAllah MT, Basiony A, Salama A. Difluprednate versus prednisolone acetate after cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2019 Nov 2;9(11):e026752.[Abstract][Full Text]
130. Gimbel HV, Sun R, Ferensowicz M, et al. Intraoperative management of posterior capsule tears in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. Ophthalmology. 2001 Dec;108(12):2186-9.[Abstract]
131. Desai P, Minassian DC, Reidy A. National cataract surgery survey 1997-8: a report of the results of the clinical outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999 Dec;83(12):1336-40.[Abstract]
132. Hatch WV, Cernat G, Wong D, et al. Risk factors for acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: a population based study. Ophthalmology. 2009 Mar;116(3):425-30.[Abstract]
133. Henderson BA, Geneva II. Negative dysphotopsia: A perfect storm. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015 Oct;41(10):2291-312.[Abstract]
134. Qureshi MH, Steel DHW. Retinal detachment following cataract phacoemulsification - a review of the literature. Eye (Lond). 2020 Apr;34(4):616-31.[Abstract][Full Text]
135. Morano MJ, Khan MA, Zhang Q, et al. Incidence and risk factors for retinal detachment and retinal tear after cataract surgery: IRIS registry (intelligent research in sight) analysis. Ophthalmol Sci. 2023 Apr 18;3(4):100314.[Abstract][Full Text]
136. Park CY, Lee JK, Chuck RS. Toxic anterior segment syndrome-an updated review. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018 Oct 25;18(1):276.[Abstract][Full Text]
137. Ing EB, Kam JWK, Cheng JZ, et al. Incidence of nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy following topical clear corneal cataract surgery: survey and meta-analysis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2020 Feb;55(1):87-92.[Abstract]
138. Naderi K, Gormley J, O'Brart D. Cataract surgery and dry eye disease: a review. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020 Sep;30(5):840-55.[Abstract][Full Text]
139. Liu SH, Saldanha IJ, Abraham AG, et al. Topical corticosteroids for dry eye. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Oct 21;10(10):CD015070.[Abstract][Full Text]
140. Wen Y, Zhang X, Chen M, et al. Sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of dry eye after cataract surgery: a meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2020 May;9(3):927-39.[Abstract][Full Text]
141. Tsang JY, Wright A, Carr MJ, et al. Risk of falls and fractures in individuals with cataract, age-related macular degeneration, or glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024 Feb 1;142(2):96-106.[Abstract][Full Text]