Gestational diabetes mellitus - Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

Diseases

Highlights & Basics

Key Highlights

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) develops during pregnancy and is usually diagnosed at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation on the basis of elevated plasma glucose levels on glucose tolerance testing.
Goal of therapy is to achieve maternal glucose levels that are as close to normal as possible in order to avoid fetal macrosomia and complications.
Initial therapy for GDM is usually dietary modification. Insulin is started when acceptable glucose levels cannot be maintained with diet alone.
Maternal postpartum testing for diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance is performed at 4 to 6 weeks following delivery.
The risk for recurrence of GDM in subsequent pregnancies or progression to type 2 diabetes is high.

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Citations

Key Articles

American Diabetes Association. Introduction and methodology: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care 2024;47(Suppl. 1):S1-S4. [Full Text]
Plows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, et al. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Oct 26;19(11):E3342.[Abstract][Full Text]
Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.[Abstract][Full Text]
Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al; International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar;33(3):676-82.[Abstract][Full Text]
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no.190: gestational diabetes mellitus. Feb 2018 [internet publication].[Full Text]

Other Online Resources

BMJ talk medicine podcast: Gestational diabetes
NIDDK: preventing type 2 diabetes
ADA: gestational diabetes
NIDDK: gestational diabetes - what is gestational diabetes?

Referenced Articles

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